{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/prunus-domestica/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "prunus-domestica",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000984349",
    "inat_taxon_id": 63735
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Prunus domestica",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Prunus",
    "epithet": "domestica",
    "family": "Rosaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 475 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30221374-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "European plum",
      "english": [
        "European plum"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Druparia prunus",
        "authorship": "Clairv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. albida",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. floresemiduplici",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. fragrans",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. hyemalis",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. lutea",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. nana",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. oblonga",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. ponderosa",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. prunus",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. rotundata",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. suaveolens",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. thovinii",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. verrucosa",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Persica domestica var. vinosa",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus acinaria",
        "authorship": "(L.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Rouy & E.G.Camus) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus amygdalina",
        "authorship": "(L.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus augustana",
        "authorship": "(L.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus ballota",
        "authorship": "Lamotte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus bokhariensis",
        "authorship": "Royle ex C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus bokhariensis",
        "authorship": "Royle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus brignola",
        "authorship": "(L.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus cerasiflora",
        "authorship": "Paill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus cereola",
        "authorship": "(L.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis",
        "authorship": "Huds."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis f. nudisepala",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis f. puberidens",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis prol. congesta",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis prol. elegans",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis prol. gymnoclada",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis prol. intermedia",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis subsp. domestica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Syme"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis subvar. normalis",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis subvar. platyphylla",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis subvar. praecociflora",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis subvar. stenophylla",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis subvar. subnuda",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis subvar. subvestita",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked aniflora",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked congestiflora",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked dulcis",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked elegans",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked gymnoclada",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked intermedia",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked nudipes",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked porcorum",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked puberipes",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked pyaeidicalyx",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked rusticana",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked subbiflora",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked subuniflora",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis unranked vulgatior",
        "authorship": "Clavaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus communis var. domestica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Huds."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica f. plantieri",
        "authorship": "(Carrière) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. bisacuminata",
        "authorship": "H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. cerasiferoflora",
        "authorship": "Vitk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. cyclopetala",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Holuby"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. domestica",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. intermedia",
        "authorship": "Röder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. mamillaris",
        "authorship": "(Schübl. & G.Martens) H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. oeconomica",
        "authorship": "(Borkh.) C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. oeconomica",
        "authorship": "C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. ovalis",
        "authorship": "H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. praecox",
        "authorship": "H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. prisca",
        "authorship": "Bertsch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. pseudoitalica",
        "authorship": "Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. rotunda",
        "authorship": "H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. spinosiflora",
        "authorship": "Vitk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica subsp. versicolor",
        "authorship": "H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica unranked maliformis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kirchn. & J.Eichler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica unranked plantieri",
        "authorship": "Carrière"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica unranked vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Ducommun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. acinaria",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. alpina-orientalis",
        "authorship": "H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. amygdalina",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. apyrena",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. armenioides",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. aubertiana",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. augustana",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. brignola",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. catharinea",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. cerasiferospinosiflora",
        "authorship": "Vitk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. cereola",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. claudiana",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. culinaria",
        "authorship": "H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. cyanocarpa",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. cyclopetala",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. damascena",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. domestica",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. erratica",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. galatensis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. insititia",
        "authorship": "(L.) Fiori & Paol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. longipedicellata",
        "authorship": "Pénzes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. maliformis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. mamillaris",
        "authorship": "Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. mammillaris",
        "authorship": "Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. norica",
        "authorship": "H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. oblonga",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. oeconomica",
        "authorship": "Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. ovoidea",
        "authorship": "Čelak. ex Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Bechst.) Buia"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. pendula",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. pernicona",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. persicifolia",
        "authorship": "Lavallée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. pruneauliana",
        "authorship": "Ser."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. sativa",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. spinosocerasiferoflora",
        "authorship": "Vitk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. subrotunda",
        "authorship": "(Bechst.) Buia"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. sussina",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. sylvestris",
        "authorship": "(Borkh.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus domestica var. vinaria",
        "authorship": "(Bechst.) H.L.Werneck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus enucleata",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus erubescens",
        "authorship": "Paill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus galatensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus insititia subsp. armenioides",
        "authorship": "(Ser.) Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus insititia subsp. claudiana",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus italica f. plantieri",
        "authorship": "(Carrière) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus latifolia",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus maliformis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus oeconomica",
        "authorship": "Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus oeconomica var. domestica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus oeconomica var. sylvestris",
        "authorship": "Borkh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "Bechst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus perdigona",
        "authorship": "(L.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus polymorpha unranked damascena",
        "authorship": "(L.) Griess."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus polymorpha unranked domestica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Griess."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus pruna",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus rosiflora",
        "authorship": "Paill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus rubescens",
        "authorship": "Lamotte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sanctae-catharinae",
        "authorship": "Lamotte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. arvernensis",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. ballota",
        "authorship": "(Lamotte) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. cerasiflora",
        "authorship": "(Paill.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. congestiflora",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. dulcis",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. elegans",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. erubescens",
        "authorship": "(Paill.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. gymnoclada",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. intermedia",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. latifolia",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. porcorum",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. pruna",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. rosiflora",
        "authorship": "(Paill.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. rubescens",
        "authorship": "(Lamotte) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. sanctae-catharinae",
        "authorship": "(Lamotte) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. saxicola",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. sepivaga",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. silvatica",
        "authorship": "(Desv.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. silvestris",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. vapincensis",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. varactensis",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa prol. virescens",
        "authorship": "(Paill.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa subsp. ambigua",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa subsp. domestica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa subvar. nudipes",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa subvar. puberipes",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa var. praecociflora",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa var. subnuda",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sativa var. subvestita",
        "authorship": "(Clavaud) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus saxicola",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus sepivaga",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus silvatica",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus silvestris",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus spinosa var. domestica",
        "authorship": "(L.) H.Groves & J.Groves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus spinosa var. domestica",
        "authorship": "(L.) H.Groves & J.Groves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus vapincensis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus varactensis",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Prunus virescens",
        "authorship": "Paill."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_domestica"
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        "attribution": "Peter de Lange, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Dmitriy Bochkov",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/convallaria1128",
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        "observed_on": "2020-07-28",
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        },
        "attribution": "Dmitriy Bochkov, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "photo_id": 80787520,
        "license": "CC0",
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        "creator": "Robert H. Wardell",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/bobwardell",
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        "observed_on": "2020-06-24",
        "lat": 50.863,
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        },
        "attribution": "Robert H. Wardell, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
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      {
        "photo_id": 80785923,
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        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
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        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Robert H. Wardell",
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        "observed_on": "2020-06-24",
        "lat": 50.86,
        "lon": 8.755,
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        },
        "attribution": "Robert H. Wardell, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
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        "creator": "Zoltán Stekkelpak",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/stekkelpak",
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        },
        "attribution": "Zoltán Stekkelpak, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
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    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "IRN",
      "TCS",
      "WHM"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 32,
    "n_annotated": 160,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      1,
      2,
      8,
      11,
      8,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      2,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
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      4,
      8,
      16,
      17,
      17,
      26,
      30,
      25,
      4,
      5,
      4
    ],
    "share": [
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      null,
      1,
      0.6875,
      0.4706,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0.08,
      null,
      0,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.6756,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.444,
        0.8584
      ],
      [
        0.2616,
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      ],
      [
        0,
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      ],
      [
        0,
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      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1135
      ],
      [
        0.0222,
        0.2497
      ],
      null,
      [
        0,
        0.4345
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 3,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 113,
      "by_month": [
        3,
        2,
        1,
        3,
        8,
        14,
        24,
        27,
        20,
        3,
        4,
        4
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        0.125,
        0.1875,
        0.4706,
        0.8235,
        0.9231,
        0.9,
        0.8,
        null,
        0.8,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.0224,
          0.4709
        ],
        [
          0.0659,
          0.4301
        ],
        [
          0.2616,
          0.6904
        ],
        [
          0.5897,
          0.9381
        ],
        [
          0.7586,
          0.9786
        ],
        [
          0.7438,
          0.9654
        ],
        [
          0.6087,
          0.9114
        ],
        null,
        [
          0.3755,
          0.9638
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 7
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 4.8,
      "median": 9.6,
      "p95": 15
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 334.3,
      "median": 662.2,
      "p95": 1023.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18.5,
      "median": 23.1,
      "p95": 29.3
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -11.7,
      "median": -2.1,
      "p95": 5.6
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 504.6,
      "median": 720.8,
      "p95": 1451.9
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 11.9,
      "median": 27.5,
      "p95": 65
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 53.9,
      "median": 119,
      "p95": 257.5
    },
    "n": 1423,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1423 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/prunus-domestica/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}