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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/premna-serratifolia/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "premna-serratifolia",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000282838",
    "inat_taxon_id": 156566
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Premna serratifolia",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Premna",
    "epithet": "serratifolia",
    "family": "Lamiaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Mant. Pl.  2: 253 (1771)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:864424-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "malbau",
      "english": [
        "malbau"
      ],
      "source": "usda"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cornutia corymbosa",
        "authorship": "Burm.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira abbreviata",
        "authorship": "(Miq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira attenuata",
        "authorship": "(R.Br.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira ceramensis",
        "authorship": "(Miq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira cyclophylla",
        "authorship": "(Miq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira dallachyana",
        "authorship": "(Benth.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira divaricata",
        "authorship": "(Wall. ex Schauer) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira domestica",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira foetida",
        "authorship": "(Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira integrifolia",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira laevigata",
        "authorship": "(Miq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira limbata",
        "authorship": "(Benth.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira nauseosa",
        "authorship": "(Blanco) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira nitida",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira opulifolia",
        "authorship": "(Miq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira punctulata",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gumira truncata",
        "authorship": "(Turcz.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna abbreviata",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna acuminatissima",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna angustior",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna arborea",
        "authorship": "Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna atra",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna attenuata",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna benguetensis",
        "authorship": "C.B.Rob."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna benthamiana",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna borneensis",
        "authorship": "H.J.Lam"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna brongersmai",
        "authorship": "H.J.Lam"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna capitata",
        "authorship": "A.Meeuse"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna ceramensis",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna congesta",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna corymbosa",
        "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Schauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna corymbosa var. madagascariensis",
        "authorship": "Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna corymbosa var. minor",
        "authorship": "(Ridl.) H.R.Fletcher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna corymbosa var. obtusifolia",
        "authorship": "(R.Br.) H.R.Fletcher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna corymbosa var. sambucina",
        "authorship": "(Wall. ex Schauer) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna cyclophylla",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna dallachyana",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna dallachyana var. obtusisepala",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna dallachyana var. typica",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna dentatifolia",
        "authorship": "Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna divaricata",
        "authorship": "Wall. ex Schauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna foetida",
        "authorship": "Reinw. ex Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna gaudichaudii",
        "authorship": "Schauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna glabra",
        "authorship": "A.Gray ex Maxim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna glandulifera",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna glandulosa",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna glycycocca",
        "authorship": "F.Muell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna guillauminii var. serrata",
        "authorship": "Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna hircina",
        "authorship": "Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna integrifolia",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna integrifolia",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna integrifolia subsp. dentatolabium",
        "authorship": "H.J.Lam"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna integrifolia subsp. truncatolabium",
        "authorship": "H.J.Lam"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna integrifolia var. angustior",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna integrifolia var. minor",
        "authorship": "Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna integrifolia var. obtusifolia",
        "authorship": "(R.Br.) C.Pei"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna kunstleri",
        "authorship": "King & Gamble"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna laevigata",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna lamii",
        "authorship": "Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna leucostoma",
        "authorship": "Náves ex Fern.-Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna leytensis",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna limbata",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna lucidula",
        "authorship": "Kurz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna macrophylla",
        "authorship": "H.J.Lam"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna media",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna membranifolia",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna nauseosa",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna nitida",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna obtusifolia",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna obtusifolia f. serratifolia",
        "authorship": "(L.) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna obtusifolia var. angustior",
        "authorship": "(C.B.Clarke) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna obtusifolia var. gaudichaudii",
        "authorship": "(Schauer) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna obtusifolia var. madagascariensis",
        "authorship": "(Moldenke) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna obtusifolia var. minor",
        "authorship": "(Ridl.) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna obtusifolia var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna obtusifolia var. serratifolia",
        "authorship": "(L.) Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna obtusifolia var. velutina",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna octonervia",
        "authorship": "Merr. & F.P.Metcalf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna opulifolia",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna ovata",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna paniculata",
        "authorship": "H.R.Fletcher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna papuana",
        "authorship": "Wernham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna parviflora",
        "authorship": "H.J.Lam"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna perrottetii",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna populifolia",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna punctulata",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna sambucina",
        "authorship": "Wall. ex Schauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna serratifolia var. minor",
        "authorship": "(Ridl.) A.Rajendran & P.Daniel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna spinosa",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna subcordata",
        "authorship": "Turcz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna subglabra",
        "authorship": "Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna sumatrana",
        "authorship": "Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna syringifolia",
        "authorship": "Zipp. ex H.J.Lam & Bakh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna tahitensis var. rapensis",
        "authorship": "F.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna tahitensis var. rimatarensis",
        "authorship": "F.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna tateana",
        "authorship": "F.M.Bailey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna tiliifolia",
        "authorship": "Zipp. ex H.J.Lam & Bakh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna timoriana",
        "authorship": "Decne."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna truncata",
        "authorship": "Turcz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna woodii",
        "authorship": "Moldenke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Premna wrayi",
        "authorship": "King & Gamble"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scrophularioides arborea",
        "authorship": "G.Forst."
      }
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        "code": "ALD",
        "name": "Aldabra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CGS",
        "name": "Chagos Archipelago",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MCI",
        "name": "Mozambique Channel Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROD",
        "name": "Rodrigues",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BIS",
        "name": "Bismarck Archipelago",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "XMS",
        "name": "Christmas I.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CKI",
        "name": "Cocos (Keeling) Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LDV",
        "name": "Laccadive Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDV",
        "name": "Maldives",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "COO",
        "name": "Cook Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "GIL",
        "name": "Gilbert Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRS",
        "name": "Marshall Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NRU",
        "name": "Nauru",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWC",
        "name": "New Caledonia",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUE",
        "name": "Niue",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "PIT",
        "name": "Pitcairn Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCZ",
        "name": "Santa Cruz Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCI",
        "name": "Society Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TON",
        "name": "Tonga",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUA",
        "name": "Tuamotu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUB",
        "name": "Tubuai Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUV",
        "name": "Tuvalu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 59,
    "n_annotated": 124,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      1,
      1,
      4,
      6,
      10,
      11,
      8,
      7,
      4,
      2,
      3,
      2
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      8,
      5,
      10,
      9,
      21,
      16,
      9,
      12,
      12,
      5,
      9,
      8
    ],
    "share": [
      0.125,
      0.2,
      0.4,
      0.6667,
      0.4762,
      0.6875,
      0.8889,
      0.5833,
      0.3333,
      0.4,
      0.3333,
      0.25
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.0224,
        0.4709
      ],
      [
        0.0362,
        0.6245
      ],
      [
        0.1682,
        0.6873
      ],
      [
        0.3542,
        0.8794
      ],
      [
        0.2834,
        0.6763
      ],
      [
        0.444,
        0.8584
      ],
      [
        0.565,
        0.9801
      ],
      [
        0.3195,
        0.8067
      ],
      [
        0.1381,
        0.6094
      ],
      [
        0.1176,
        0.7693
      ],
      [
        0.1206,
        0.6458
      ],
      [
        0.0715,
        0.5907
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 7,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 54,
      "by_month": [
        4,
        2,
        5,
        3,
        11,
        5,
        3,
        6,
        4,
        3,
        3,
        5
      ],
      "share": [
        0.5,
        0.4,
        0.5,
        0.3333,
        0.5238,
        0.3125,
        0.3333,
        0.5,
        0.3333,
        0.6,
        0.3333,
        0.625
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.2152,
          0.7848
        ],
        [
          0.1176,
          0.7693
        ],
        [
          0.2366,
          0.7634
        ],
        [
          0.1206,
          0.6458
        ],
        [
          0.3237,
          0.7166
        ],
        [
          0.1416,
          0.556
        ],
        [
          0.1206,
          0.6458
        ],
        [
          0.2538,
          0.7462
        ],
        [
          0.1381,
          0.6094
        ],
        [
          0.2307,
          0.8824
        ],
        [
          0.1206,
          0.6458
        ],
        [
          0.3057,
          0.8632
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 12
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 22.6,
      "median": 24.5,
      "p95": 27.1
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 40.5,
      "median": 237.2,
      "p95": 460.4
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 27.5,
      "median": 29.2,
      "p95": 31.2
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 13.1,
      "median": 18.9,
      "p95": 25.3
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 1247.8,
      "median": 2252.2,
      "p95": 3968
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 24.9,
      "median": 70.6,
      "p95": 101.6
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 49.2,
      "median": 133.2,
      "p95": 692.7
    },
    "n": 1375,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1375 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "USDA PLANTS Database",
      "note": "common name, checklist symbol PRSE6",
      "license": "public domain",
      "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/premna-serratifolia/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}