{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/pleopeltis-macrocarpa/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "pleopeltis-macrocarpa",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001108687",
    "inat_taxon_id": 137239
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Pleopeltis macrocarpa",
    "authorship": "(Bory ex Willd.) Kaulf.",
    "genus": "Pleopeltis",
    "epithet": "macrocarpa",
    "family": "Polypodiaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Berlin. Jahrb. Pharm. Verbundenen Wiss. 21: 41 (1820)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "lanceleaf polypody",
      "english": [
        "lanceleaf polypody"
      ],
      "source": "usda"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Drynaria compacta",
        "authorship": "Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Drynaria lepidota",
        "authorship": "(Willd. ex Schltdl.) Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Drynaria lepidotum",
        "authorship": "Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Drynaria macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Drynaria moricandii",
        "authorship": "Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Grammitis araucana",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Grammitis robusta",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lepicystis lanceolata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Diels"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lepicystis macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Paxton & Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lepisorus macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Ching ex R.D.Dixit"
      },
      {
        "name": "Marginaria lanceolata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Herter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Marginaria macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "(Bory ex Willd.) B.K.Nayar & S.Kaur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Marginaria marginata",
        "authorship": "Bory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Niphobolus lanceolatus",
        "authorship": "Keyserl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Niphobolus lanceolatus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Keyserl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phlebodium lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "J.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phlebodium macrocarpum",
        "authorship": "J.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopeltis corcovadensis",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopeltis ensifolia",
        "authorship": "Carmich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopeltis helenae",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopeltis kaulfussiana",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopeltis lanceolata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kaulf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopeltis lanceolata",
        "authorship": "(L.) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopeltis lepidota",
        "authorship": "(Willd. ex Schltdl.) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopeltis linearis",
        "authorship": "Kaulf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pleopeltis marginalis",
        "authorship": "Kaulf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium adspersum",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium lanceolatum var. araucanum",
        "authorship": "(Phil.) Looser"
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium lepidotum",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex D.F.K.Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium lepidotum var. angustifolium",
        "authorship": "Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium lepidotum var. latifolium",
        "authorship": "Kunze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium lepidotum var. latifolium",
        "authorship": "Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium lepidotum var. macrocarpum",
        "authorship": "(Bory ex Willd.) Kunze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium macrocarpum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium marginale",
        "authorship": "Bory ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium moricandii",
        "authorship": "Mett."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium zeyheri",
        "authorship": "Sieb."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 218,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY",
      "CC-BY-SA"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 191904697,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Juan Carlos Caicedo Hernández",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/juan_carlos_caicedo_hdz",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3243eefd-9000-4c6a-9a74-1afdb8938f6d",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-29",
        "lat": 4.673,
        "lon": -74.041,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191904697/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191904697/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191904697/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191904697/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Juan Carlos Caicedo Hernández, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 183030332,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Tony Rebelo",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tonyrebelo",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18c645c3-1669-4841-afe3-8e2d2cef8900",
        "observed_on": "2022-03-11",
        "lat": -19.133,
        "lon": 32.809,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183030332/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183030332/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183030332/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183030332/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tony Rebelo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 181800321,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tim Kirsten",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tim_kirsten",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2058a798-696b-445d-9f48-a0b620cef905",
        "observed_on": "2022-03-06",
        "lat": -33.982,
        "lon": 18.422,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181800321/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181800321/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181800321/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181800321/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tim Kirsten, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 181112876,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Tony Rebelo",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tonyrebelo",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/055a9f01-3970-4b2e-8aac-88ead1d4b155",
        "observed_on": "2022-02-20",
        "lat": -33.982,
        "lon": 18.39,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181112876/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181112876/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181112876/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181112876/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tony Rebelo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 175801560,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Tony Rebelo",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tonyrebelo",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b746ab31-7577-40c2-88a7-e8616f142368",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-07",
        "lat": -33.978,
        "lon": 18.402,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175801560/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175801560/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175801560/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175801560/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tony Rebelo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 175291437,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Tony Rebelo",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/tonyrebelo",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/486c0d91-5ccc-4c4f-ad84-7435a3f84559",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-05",
        "lat": -33.978,
        "lon": 18.403,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175291437/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175291437/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175291437/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175291437/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tony Rebelo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 175598315,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Jeremy Gilmore",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/jeremygilmore",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f525fe9c-ba1f-42da-a561-4020ac30e6b3",
        "observed_on": "2021-12-21",
        "lat": -34.391,
        "lon": 19.309,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175598315/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175598315/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175598315/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175598315/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Jeremy Gilmore, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 165899333,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Juan Carlos Caicedo Hernández",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/juan_carlos_caicedo_hdz",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/863f7f11-51d2-492e-bf48-d57b41029b62",
        "observed_on": "2021-10-26",
        "lat": 4.67,
        "lon": -74.039,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165899333/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165899333/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165899333/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165899333/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Juan Carlos Caicedo Hernández, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ANG",
      "BUR",
      "CMN",
      "CPP",
      "COM",
      "ZAI",
      "SWZ",
      "ETH",
      "OFS",
      "GUI",
      "GGI",
      "IVO",
      "KEN",
      "NAT",
      "LES",
      "LBR",
      "MDG",
      "MLW",
      "MOZ",
      "NGA",
      "TVL",
      "RWA",
      "REU",
      "SIE",
      "SOC",
      "SOM",
      "STH",
      "TAN",
      "UGA",
      "ZIM",
      "SAU",
      "YEM",
      "IND",
      "SRL",
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXS",
      "AGE",
      "AGW",
      "BOL",
      "BZN",
      "BZE",
      "BZS",
      "BZL",
      "CPI",
      "CLC",
      "CLN",
      "CLS",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "CUB",
      "DOM",
      "ECU",
      "HAI",
      "HON",
      "JNF",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PER",
      "PUE",
      "URU",
      "VEN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "STH",
        "name": "St.Helena",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Middle Atlantic Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPI",
        "name": "Central American Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLC",
        "name": "Chile Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLN",
        "name": "Chile North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLS",
        "name": "Chile South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JNF",
        "name": "Juan Fernández Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "URU",
        "name": "Uruguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial, lithophyte or epiphyte",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 12.3,
      "median": 14.5,
      "p95": 20.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 18.4,
      "median": 221.9,
      "p95": 396.1
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18,
      "median": 20.8,
      "p95": 26.4
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 2.2,
      "median": 9.5,
      "p95": 14.8
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 617.4,
      "median": 1124,
      "p95": 2868.5
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 16.7,
      "median": 38.8,
      "p95": 83.4
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 38.5,
      "median": 147.5,
      "p95": 352.5
    },
    "n": 785,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 785 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "USDA PLANTS Database",
      "note": "common name, checklist symbol POLA9",
      "license": "public domain",
      "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/pleopeltis-macrocarpa/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}