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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/pinus-uncinata/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "pinus-uncinata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000481563",
    "inat_taxon_id": 198880
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Pinus uncinata",
    "authorship": "Ramond ex DC.",
    "genus": "Pinus",
    "epithet": "uncinata",
    "family": "Pinaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Fl. Franç. 3: 726. (1805)",
    "protologue_url": "https://padme.rbge.org.uk/wfo/wfo-0000481563",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Mountain Pine",
      "english": [
        "Mountain Pine",
        "mountain pine"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Pinus humilis",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana f. hausmannii",
        "authorship": "H.Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana subsp. uncinata",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) Čelak"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana var. hausmannii",
        "authorship": "(H.Christ) Dalla Torre & Sarnth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana var. humilior",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana var. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Link) Heer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana var. mugho",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana var. pseudopumilio",
        "authorship": "(Hartig ex Willk.) Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Antoine) Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana var. rotundata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana var. uliginosa",
        "authorship": "(G.E.Neumann ex Wimm.) Heer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus montana var. uncinata",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) Heer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugho",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mughus subsp. uliginosa",
        "authorship": "(G.E.Neumann ex Wimm.) O.Schwartz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mughus var. erecta",
        "authorship": "Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mughus var. obliqua",
        "authorship": "(Saut.) C.F.M.Elsner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mughus var. uliginosa",
        "authorship": "(G.E.Neumann ex Wimm.) K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mughus var. uncinata",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo f. mughoides",
        "authorship": "(Willk.) K.I.Chr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo subsp. pseudopumilio",
        "authorship": "(Hartig ex Willk.) Holubickova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo subsp. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Antoine) A.E.Murray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo subsp. rotundata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Janch. & H.Neumayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo subsp. uliginosa",
        "authorship": "(G.E.Neumann ex Wimm.) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo var. palustris",
        "authorship": "(Hagenb.) Breistr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo var. pseudopumilio",
        "authorship": "(Hartig ex Willk.) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Antoine) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Antoine) Hoopes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo var. rotundata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Hoopes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus mugo var. uncinata",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus nughus subsp. uliginosa",
        "authorship": "(Neuman ex Wimm.) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus obliqua",
        "authorship": "Saut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus pseudopumilio",
        "authorship": "(Hartig ex Willk.) Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus pumilio var. mugho",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus pumilio var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Antoine) Carrière"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus pumilio var. rotundata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus pumilio var. torfacea",
        "authorship": "Babey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus pumilio var. uliginosa",
        "authorship": "(G.E.Neumann ex Wimm.) Ratzeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus pumilio var. uncinata",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) Carrière"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus rotundata",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus rotundata var. pseudopumilio",
        "authorship": "(Hartig ex Willk.) H.Neumayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus sanguinea",
        "authorship": "Lapeyr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus sylvestris var. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Link) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus sylvestris var. palustris",
        "authorship": "Hagenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus sylvestris var. rotundata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus sylvestris var. uliginosa",
        "authorship": "(G.E.Neumann ex Wimm.) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus sylvestris var. uncinata",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uliginosa",
        "authorship": "G.E.Neumann ex Wimm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uliginosa f. conica",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uliginosa var. conica",
        "authorship": "(Beck) Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata f. mughoides",
        "authorship": "Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata subsp. rotundata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Janch. & H.Neumayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. ancestralis",
        "authorship": "Businsky"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. applanata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. brunnea",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. callosperma",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. capuzina",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. carinata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. castanea",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. cincta",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. cinerascens",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. concolor",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. discolor",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. elongata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. gracilis",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. irregularis",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. leucosperma",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. macroptera",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. melanocincta",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. microptera",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. miniata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. multicolor",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. obscurata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. opaca",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. ovata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. pallida",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. pelosperma",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. pendula",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. planata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. pseudopumilio",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. pyramidata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. radiata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "Antoine"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. rotundata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Antoine"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. rufeasens",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. sanguinolenta",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. solaris",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. tricolor",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. turgescens",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pinus uncinata var. zonata",
        "authorship": "Hartig ex Willk."
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_uncinata"
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        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 0.9,
      "median": 4.3,
      "p95": 7.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 525.9,
      "median": 607.3,
      "p95": 737.2
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 14.8,
      "median": 17.8,
      "p95": 22
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -12.7,
      "median": -7.9,
      "p95": -4.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 908.9,
      "median": 1349,
      "p95": 2199.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 14.6,
      "median": 22.9,
      "p95": 38.4
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 117.1,
      "median": 259.7,
      "p95": 366.2
    },
    "n": 771,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 771 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/pinus-uncinata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}