{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/phillyrea-latifolia/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "phillyrea-latifolia",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000817958",
    "inat_taxon_id": 82876
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Phillyrea latifolia",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Phillyrea",
    "epithet": "latifolia",
    "family": "Oleaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 8 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:610971-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Olea latifolia",
        "authorship": "(L.) Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea aeolica",
        "authorship": "Tineo ex Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea angustifolia subsp. latifolia",
        "authorship": "(L.) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea angustifolia subsp. media",
        "authorship": "(L.) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea angustifolia subsp. rodriguezii",
        "authorship": "(P.Monts.) Rivas Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea arbutifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea barceloi",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea barceloi subsp. flahaultiana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea barceloi subsp. knochei",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea barceloi subsp. marcetii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea barceloi subsp. moraudii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea barrandonis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea bolivaris",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea bolivaris subsp. foliosa",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea buxifolia",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cadevalli",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea caroli",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea colmeiroana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. barrerae",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. burnatii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. fernandezii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. gaudiana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. gonzaleziana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. navasii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. oblongifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. parlatorei",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. puigii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. rabassaletana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. sallentii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. sanmiguelis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. vinyalsii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia subsp. webbiana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia var. kebdanensis",
        "authorship": "Sennen & Mauricio"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea cordifolia var. strobli",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea coriacea",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea daveauana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea divaricata",
        "authorship": "Vis."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea ellipticifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea ellipticifolia subsp. bordoyana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea foliosa",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea fontserei",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea hybrida",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea ilicifolia",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea integrifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea isabelis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea jahandiezii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea jordani-media",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea laevis",
        "authorship": "Münchh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea laevis",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea laevis subsp. gastonis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia f. buxifolia",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia f. ilicifolia",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia f. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia f. rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "(Rehder) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia f. spinosa",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia subsp. daninii",
        "authorship": "Valdés"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia subsp. media",
        "authorship": "(L.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia subsp. orientalis",
        "authorship": "Sébastian"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia subsp. rodriguezii",
        "authorship": "(P.Monts.) Romo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia subsp. stricta",
        "authorship": "(Bertol.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. buxifolia",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Mert. & W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. castellana-media",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. ilicifolia",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. integrifolia",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. laevis",
        "authorship": "(Münchh.) Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. media",
        "authorship": "(L.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. obliqua",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. rodriguezii",
        "authorship": "(P.Monts.) O.Bolòs & Vigo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. serrata",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea latifolia var. spinosa",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea levis",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea ligustrifolia",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. andreuana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. briquetii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. closiana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. degenii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. forestieri",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. laguardae",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. laurifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. loretii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. maireana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. pardilloana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. pujiulae",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. reynieri",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. salvadoris",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. tournefortii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. unamunoana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea longifolia subsp. vidalii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea major",
        "authorship": "Zumagl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea martini",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea media",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea media var. buxifolia",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea media var. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Alleiz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea media var. ligustrifolia",
        "authorship": "(L.) Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea media var. oleaefolia",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea media var. oleifolia",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea media var. pendula",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea media var. rodriguezii",
        "authorship": "P.Monts."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea media var. virgata",
        "authorship": "Aiton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia f. majorifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. aguilaris",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. allorgeana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. bercialis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. caballeroi",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. castellana",
        "authorship": "Sennen & Elías"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. crenatifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. danielis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. dionysiana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. fernandii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. flichei",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. frondosa",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. heracliana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. heribaudii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. ilicifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. jordanii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. jorroi",
        "authorship": "Sennen & Mauricio"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. luciae",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. maurorum",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. montserratensis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. neriifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. paui",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. prunellifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. souliei",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. timbalii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. tortesii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. vayedana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subsp. verdagueri",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia subvar. stroblii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia var. anselmii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia var. balearica",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia var. buxifolia",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia var. corsica",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea medianifolia var. costei",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea mucronata",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea mucronata var. dentata",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea mucronata var. lanceolata",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea mucronata var. serrata",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea nerifolia-media",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea obliqua",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea oblongifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea obtusata",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea oleifolia",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea olleri",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea pachyphylla",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea pachyphylla subsp. augustinii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea pedunculata",
        "authorship": "Bory & Chaub."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea pendula",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea prunellifolia-media",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea quercifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea quercifolia subsp. floribunda",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea quercifolia subsp. hickelis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea quercifolia subsp. xavieri",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea racemosa",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea rubioana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea spinosa",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea spinosa var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea spinosa var. grandidentata",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea spinosa var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea stricta",
        "authorship": "Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. alaternifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. cneorifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. fontqueri",
        "authorship": "Sennen & Mauricio"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. martonnei",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. mezerifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. microdonta",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. patxoti",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. rigoi",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. sagarrae",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. stricta",
        "authorship": "(Bertol.) Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. sudrei",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. valdesulcata",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. vallisvidrerae",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia subsp. virgata",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia var. diazii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea subangustifolia var. oleastrifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea trabutii",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea valentina",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea variabilis",
        "authorship": "Timb.-Lagr. & Loret"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea variabilis",
        "authorship": "Timb.-Lagr. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea variabilis subsp. stricta",
        "authorship": "(Bertol.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea variabilis var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "(L.) Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea virgata",
        "authorship": "(Aiton) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Caruel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phillyrea vulgaris var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "(L.) Caruel"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
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        "attribution": "David Delon, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
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      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
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    "codes": [
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      "TUN",
      "CYP",
      "EAI",
      "LBS",
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      "TUR",
      "ALB",
      "BAL",
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      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "YUG",
      "POR",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "SPA",
      "TUE"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 42,
    "n_annotated": 364,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      4,
      12,
      15,
      8,
      1,
      0,
      1,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      1
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      27,
      36,
      46,
      29,
      31,
      16,
      20,
      33,
      31,
      37,
      32,
      26
    ],
    "share": [
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      0.3333,
      0.3261,
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      0.0323,
      0,
      0.05,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
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    "ci": [
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        0.1619
      ],
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        0,
        0.1936
      ],
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        0.2361
      ],
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        0,
        0.1043
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1103
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.0941
      ],
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        0,
        0.1072
      ],
      [
        0.0068,
        0.1889
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 2,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 113,
      "by_month": [
        9,
        1,
        1,
        1,
        3,
        7,
        11,
        14,
        16,
        25,
        16,
        9
      ],
      "share": [
        0.3333,
        0.0278,
        0.0217,
        0.0345,
        0.0968,
        0.4375,
        0.55,
        0.4242,
        0.5161,
        0.6757,
        0.5,
        0.3462
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.1864,
          0.5218
        ],
        [
          0.0049,
          0.1417
        ],
        [
          0.0038,
          0.1134
        ],
        [
          0.0061,
          0.1718
        ],
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          0.0335,
          0.249
        ],
        [
          0.231,
          0.6682
        ],
        [
          0.3421,
          0.7418
        ],
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          0.2724,
          0.5919
        ],
        [
          0.3484,
          0.6803
        ],
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          0.5146,
          0.8037
        ],
        [
          0.3363,
          0.6637
        ],
        [
          0.1941,
          0.5378
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 10
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "subtropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 12,
      "median": 15,
      "p95": 17.8
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 344.9,
      "median": 577.6,
      "p95": 680.6
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23.7,
      "median": 27.3,
      "p95": 31.2
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -0.7,
      "median": 4.2,
      "p95": 9.8
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 562.7,
      "median": 849.7,
      "p95": 1461.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 26.8,
      "median": 43.7,
      "p95": 78.5
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 15.9,
      "median": 94.6,
      "p95": 207.5
    },
    "n": 2005,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2005 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/phillyrea-latifolia/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}