{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/phaseolus-vulgaris/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-10",
  "id": {
    "slug": "phaseolus-vulgaris",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000183282",
    "inat_taxon_id": 122850
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Phaseolus vulgaris",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Phaseolus",
    "epithet": "vulgaris",
    "family": "Fabaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 723 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.legumedata.org/taxonomy/taxon/2538166",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "kidney bean",
      "english": [
        "kidney bean"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus aborigineus",
        "authorship": "Burkart"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus aborigineus var. hondurensis",
        "authorship": "Burkart"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus albus",
        "authorship": "Hoffmanns."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus angulosus",
        "authorship": "Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus asparagioides",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus butiraceus",
        "authorship": "C.Krüger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus capensis",
        "authorship": "D.Heese"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus capensis",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus carinatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus carinatus var. carneus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus carinatus var. lividus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ceratonioides",
        "authorship": "D.Heese"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ceratonoides",
        "authorship": "Schrank ex G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus coeruleus",
        "authorship": "C.Krüger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus communis",
        "authorship": "Pritz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus communis",
        "authorship": "Pritzel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compessus",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. candidus",
        "authorship": "Haberle ex G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. carneus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. cervinus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. ferrugineus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. flavomaculatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. fulvoater",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. fuscocoerulescens",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. fuscomaculatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. humilis",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. lividus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. luteus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. macrocarpus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. major",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. nanus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. niger",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. ochraceus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. pullus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus compressus var. xanthocarpus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus cruentus",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus curda",
        "authorship": "Pall. ex G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus deliciosus",
        "authorship": "C.Huber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus dimidiatus",
        "authorship": "Haberle ex Schübl. & Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus domingensis",
        "authorship": "Zuccagni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. albus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. amethystinus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. atrofuscus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. aureolus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. aureus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. bocconei",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. carneus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. citrinus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. fasciatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. helvolus",
        "authorship": "(Savi) G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. mesomelas",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. nanus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. niger",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. pictus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. saccharatus",
        "authorship": "(Moench) G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. spadiceus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ellipticus var. willmotianus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus esculentus",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ferrugineus",
        "authorship": "Salzwed. ex Medik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos var. albus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos var. carneolutescens",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos var. castaneus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos var. lividus",
        "authorship": "Haberle ex G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos var. ochraceus",
        "authorship": "Haberle ex G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos var. oryzoides",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos var. pullus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos var. purpureus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermos var. variegatus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus gonospermus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus grandispermus",
        "authorship": "C.Krüger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus haematocarpus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ionocarpus",
        "authorship": "Fingerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus lilac",
        "authorship": "Zuccagni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus lilacinus",
        "authorship": "Zuccagni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus lupinoides",
        "authorship": "Fingerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus melaleucus",
        "authorship": "D.Heese"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus melanospermus",
        "authorship": "Fingerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus mesoleucus",
        "authorship": "Schrank ex Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus mexicanus",
        "authorship": "Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus multiflorus",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus myodes",
        "authorship": "C.Krüger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus nankinensis",
        "authorship": "E.Bouché"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus nanus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus niger",
        "authorship": "E.Bouché"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus nigerrimus",
        "authorship": "Juss. ex Zuccagni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus nigricans",
        "authorship": "Haberle ex G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. abbreviatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. alboruber",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. albus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. atrofasciatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. carneoflavescens",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. carneus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. castaneovariegatus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. cruentus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. laudunensis",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. leucovariegatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. luteus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. ochraceus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. purpureovariegatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. purpureus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. rachelianus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. saponaceus",
        "authorship": "(Savi) G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. sargentone",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. spadiceus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. tricolor",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. truncatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. turcicus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. vinosus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus oblongus var. zebrinus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ornithopus",
        "authorship": "C.Krüger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus ovalispermus",
        "authorship": "Fingerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pardus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pardus var. carneus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pardus var. fulvus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pardus var. lacteus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pardus var. luteomaculatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pardus var. virescens",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus philadelphicus",
        "authorship": "D.Heese"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus philadelphus",
        "authorship": "C.Krüger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pictus",
        "authorship": "C.Krüger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pictus",
        "authorship": "Cav. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus pisiformis",
        "authorship": "Fingerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus praecox",
        "authorship": "Fingerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus principissae",
        "authorship": "Pi.Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus punctatus",
        "authorship": "C.Krüger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus romanus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus romanus var. major",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus romanus var. minor",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus saccharatus",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus saponaceus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus saponaria",
        "authorship": "D.Heese"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sinensis",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. alboruber",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. albus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. atropurpureus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. atrovariegatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. aurelianensis",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. bicolor",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. bipunctatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. carneus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. dimidiatus",
        "authorship": "Haberle ex G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. haematocarpus",
        "authorship": "(Savi) G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. luteus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. minor",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. nanus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. niger",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. pragensis",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. pumilus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. purpureovariegatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. purpureus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. sanguinans",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. saponaceus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. semiluteus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. semivariegatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus sphaericus var. sulphureus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus stipularis",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus subglobosus",
        "authorship": "Fingerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus triangularis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus triangulus",
        "authorship": "Fingerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus tumidus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus umbilicalis",
        "authorship": "Pi.Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris convar. carinatus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris convar. compressus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris convar. ellipticus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris convar. elongatus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris convar. sphaericus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris convar. subcompressus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. albidus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. amethystinus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. coerulescens",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. ferrugineus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. hepaticus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. lutescens",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. major",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. minor",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. ochraceus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. pallidigriseus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. satureigriseus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris f. spadiceus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris subsp. aborigineus",
        "authorship": "(Burkart) Burkart & Brücher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris subsp. aborigineus",
        "authorship": "(Burkart) Burkart & Brücher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. abbreviatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus",
        "authorship": "(Burkart) Baudet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. albidus",
        "authorship": "(Savi) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. alboruber",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. albus",
        "authorship": "Haberle ex G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. amethystinus",
        "authorship": "(Savi) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. aquilinus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. atrocoerulescens",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. atrofasciatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. atrofuscus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. atrovariegatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. atroviolaceus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. aureolus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. aureus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. aureus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. aureus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. aurospurcatus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. badius",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. bipunctatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. bocconei",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. cardinalis",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. carinatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. carneoflavescens",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. carneus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. castaneus",
        "authorship": "(Savi) Alef."
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. ceratonoides",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. ceromelas",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. cervinus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. chamaebutyrus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. chamaexiphus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. chamoides",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. chinensis",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. citrinus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. coerulescens",
        "authorship": "(Savi) G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. coeruleus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. coffeinus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. conspurcatus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. cruentus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. curdicus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. cyanodes",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. dimidiatus",
        "authorship": "(Haberle ex G.Martens) Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. doloensis",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. fasciatus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. ferrugineus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. flavomaculatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. fragarinus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. fuliginosus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. fulvescens",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. fulvoater",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. fulvovariegatus",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. fulvus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. fuscocoerulescens",
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. griseozebra",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. haematocarpus",
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. helvolus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. helvolus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. icterinus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. jodomelas",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. kuehnianus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. lardinus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. laudunensis",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. lentinus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. leucovariegatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. lilacinus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. lipurus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. lividus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. luteomaculatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. luteovariegatus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. luteus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. macellarius",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. macrocarpus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. macroleucus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. marmoreus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. martensii",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. mesoleucus",
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. mesomelas",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. nankinensis",
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. nanus",
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. nanus",
        "authorship": "(L.) P.Fourn."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. niger",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. niger",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. nigerrimus",
        "authorship": "(Juss. ex Zuccagni) G.Martens"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. oblongus",
        "authorship": "(Savi) Dalla Torre & Sarnth."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. ochraceus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. olivaceofasciculatus",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. olivaceovariegatus",
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. olivaceus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. ooleucus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. oreolinus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. oryzoides",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. phaeozebra",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. piceus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. pictus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. platycreus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. platyleucus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. plumbeovariegatus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. praecox",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. pullus",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. pumilus",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. punctatus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. purpureovariegatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. purpureus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. purpureus",
        "authorship": "G.Martens"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. rachelianus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. rubescens",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. saccharatus",
        "authorship": "(Moench) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. sanguinans",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. sarconaus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. sarcopardus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. sarcozebra",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. sarcusa",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. sargentone",
        "authorship": "(Savi) Alef."
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. savianus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. semicacao",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. semiluteus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. semivariegatus",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. sphaeroleucus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. subcarneus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. subochraceus",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. sulphureovirescens",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. sulphureus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. tricolor",
        "authorship": "Savi"
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. tricolor",
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. truncatus",
        "authorship": "(G.Martens) Alef."
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. turcicus",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. variegatus",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. variegatus",
        "authorship": "DC."
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. vilmorinii",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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      {
        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. vinosus",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. violaceus",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. virescens",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. vitellinus",
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": null
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        "name": "Phaseolus vulgaris var. xanthozebra",
        "authorship": "Alef."
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        "name": "Phaseolus zembra",
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        "observed_on": "2021-08-28",
        "lat": 30.079,
        "lon": 80.235,
        "original": {
          "width": 768,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          768
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155374625/r1/400.avif",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155374625/r1/768.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155374625/r1/400.jpg",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/155374625/r1/768.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "PRIYA RAUTELA, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 153795520,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "M. Socorro González Elizondo",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/socogonzalez",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/05fe224b-5154-44e9-b935-8e7bf329855f",
        "observed_on": "2021-08-28",
        "lat": 24.413,
        "lon": -104.233,
        "original": {
          "width": 768,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          768
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/153795520/r1/400.avif",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/153795520/r1/768.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/153795520/r1/400.jpg",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/153795520/r1/768.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "M. Socorro González Elizondo, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 142594209,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Katrin Simon",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/katrin_simon",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5679df0d-3667-4989-8c3f-83a856f4c4e1",
        "observed_on": "2021-07-11",
        "lat": 49.618,
        "lon": 10.993,
        "original": {
          "width": 768,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          768
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/142594209/r1/400.avif",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/142594209/r1/768.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/142594209/r1/400.jpg",
            "768": "https://img.botanai.app/p/142594209/r1/768.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Katrin Simon, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXT",
      "MXS",
      "AGE",
      "AGW",
      "BOL",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "ECU",
      "ELS",
      "GUA",
      "HON",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PER",
      "VEN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 10,
    "n_annotated": 17,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "scrambling annual",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 6.3,
      "median": 16.5,
      "p95": 26.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 61.3,
      "median": 223.1,
      "p95": 942.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 19,
      "median": 26.5,
      "p95": 35.3
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -10.4,
      "median": 6.6,
      "p95": 22.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 445.6,
      "median": 921.2,
      "p95": 2544.5
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 14.9,
      "median": 83.4,
      "p95": 115.5
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 8.4,
      "median": 40,
      "p95": 271
    },
    "n": 310,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 310 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 10 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/phaseolus-vulgaris/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}