{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/phaeoceros-carolinianus/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-03",
  "id": {
    "slug": "phaeoceros-carolinianus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001201736",
    "inat_taxon_id": 166615
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Phaeoceros carolinianus",
    "authorship": "(Michx.) Prosk.",
    "genus": "Phaeoceros",
    "epithet": "carolinianus",
    "family": "Notothyladaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 78: 347. 1951.",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.bryonames.org/",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Carolina phaeoceros",
      "english": [
        "Carolina phaeoceros"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros affinis",
        "authorship": "Schiffn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros arsenei",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros atlanticus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros australiae",
        "authorship": "Beauverd"
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros autoicus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros bilobatus",
        "authorship": "Turpin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros brotheri",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros callistictus",
        "authorship": "Spruce"
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros carolinianus",
        "authorship": "Michx."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros carolinianus var. carolinianus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros carolinianus var. occidentalis",
        "authorship": "M.Howe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros cataractarum",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros communis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros crispus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros cubanus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros donnellii",
        "authorship": "Austin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros ecklonii",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros elegans",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros esquirolii",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros gollanii",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros havaiensis",
        "authorship": "Reichardt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros jackii",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros japonicus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros koreanus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros kuhlmannii",
        "authorship": "Herzog"
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros kuntzeanus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros laciniatus",
        "authorship": "Schwein."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros laevis f. tenuis",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros laevis f. torulosus",
        "authorship": "S.Hatt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros laevis subsp. carolinianus",
        "authorship": "(Michx.) R.M.Schust."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros laevis var. carolinianus",
        "authorship": "(Michx.) Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros laevis var. tenuis",
        "authorship": "(Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros lamellisporus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros leratii",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros luzonensis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros luzonensis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros miyoshianus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros moldavicus",
        "authorship": "Tarn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros multicapsulus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros nordenskjoeldii",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros parvus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros planus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros pusillus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros silvaticus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros subalpinus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros subcostatus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros sumatranus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros tenax",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros tenuissimus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros usambarensis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Anthoceros validus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus allionii",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus chinensis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus cristulatus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus fontinalis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus havaiensis",
        "authorship": "(Reichardt) Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus novazealandicus",
        "authorship": "Pearson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus padangensis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus parisii",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus philippinensis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus preangeranus",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspiromitus tonkinensis",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Carpoceros carolinianus",
        "authorship": "(Michx.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Megaceros callistictus",
        "authorship": "(Spruce) Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Megaceros laciniatus",
        "authorship": "(Schwein.) Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros cataractarum",
        "authorship": "(Steph.) Udar & D.K.Singh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros donnellii",
        "authorship": "(Austin) J.Haseg. ex Stotler & Crand.-Stotl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros esquirolii",
        "authorship": "(Steph.) Udar & D.K.Singh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros gollanii",
        "authorship": "(Steph.) Kachroo & Bapna"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros jackii",
        "authorship": "(Steph.) Bapna"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros kuhlmannii",
        "authorship": "(Herzog) K.G.Hell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros laevis f. carolinianus",
        "authorship": "(Michx.) R.M.Schust."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros laevis subsp. carolinianus",
        "authorship": "(Michx.) Prosk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros lamellisporus",
        "authorship": "(Steph.) Udar & D.K.Singh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros novazealandicus",
        "authorship": "(Pearson) Prosk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros parisii",
        "authorship": "(Steph.) H.A.Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros subalpinus",
        "authorship": "(Steph.) Udar & D.K.Singh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phaeoceros tenax",
        "authorship": "(Steph.) Udar & D.K.Singh"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeoceros_carolinianus"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 30,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 107122044,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Lauren Gillett",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/igotflowerpower",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/ccb0db06-5639-4779-b3a5-4d7d6d6d91c1",
        "observed_on": "2020-12-11",
        "lat": 29.691,
        "lon": -82.395,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/107122044/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/107122044/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/107122044/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/107122044/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Lauren Gillett, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 99776425,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Christian Berg",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/ch_berg",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/45f42c4c-adff-41be-a7c8-b75e4d2c4456",
        "observed_on": "2020-10-10",
        "lat": 47.026,
        "lon": 15.521,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/99776425/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/99776425/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/99776425/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/99776425/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Christian Berg, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 94962932,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Thomas Mesaglio",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/thebeachcomber",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/279fa210-9924-4cc8-9331-c72e74b8424a",
        "observed_on": "2020-09-13",
        "lat": -33.867,
        "lon": 151.013,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/94962932/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/94962932/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/94962932/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/94962932/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Thomas Mesaglio, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 87191136,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Lauren Gillett",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/igotflowerpower",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f704f7c7-eec0-4204-bf4d-ec2da0b710a3",
        "observed_on": "2020-07-29",
        "lat": 29.691,
        "lon": -82.395,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/87191136/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/87191136/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/87191136/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/87191136/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Lauren Gillett, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 61499755,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Ryan Watson",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/ryan84",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/f2bbaac8-e555-476c-9aaa-9e3fb103e7b2",
        "observed_on": "2020-02-15",
        "lat": 33.034,
        "lon": -80.098,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 498
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/61499755/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/61499755/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/61499755/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/61499755/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Ryan Watson, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 59570260,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Brandon Corder",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/brandoncorder",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7a036973-1971-46d4-8752-9e15d2e273c5",
        "observed_on": "2018-12-27",
        "lat": 30.74,
        "lon": -85.414,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59570260/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59570260/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59570260/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59570260/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Brandon Corder, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 2131380,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Rafael Medina",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/rmedina",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/c0d05f50-99ed-4d94-80ce-fd9629fe40aa",
        "observed_on": "2015-07-14",
        "lat": 41.811,
        "lon": -72.256,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/2131380/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/2131380/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/2131380/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/2131380/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Rafael Medina, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 59570237,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Brandon Corder",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/brandoncorder",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/30c4903a-44b9-444d-b8dd-5b689843afa7",
        "observed_on": "2018-07-14",
        "lat": 29.686,
        "lon": -82.357,
        "original": {
          "width": 820,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59570237/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59570237/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59570237/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/59570237/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Brandon Corder, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": null,
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": null,
    "climate": null
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 4.2,
      "median": 14.7,
      "p95": 22.9
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 123,
      "median": 682,
      "p95": 1070.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 20.6,
      "median": 25.6,
      "p95": 32.1
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -16.7,
      "median": 0.9,
      "p95": 18.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 521.3,
      "median": 1203.4,
      "p95": 1565.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.2,
      "median": 28.4,
      "p95": 60.1
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 65,
      "median": 205.4,
      "p95": 310.2
    },
    "n": 248,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 248 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "native_range",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "Kew's World Checklist of Vascular Plants does not cover this taxon."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/phaeoceros-carolinianus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}