{ "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json", "schema_version": 1, "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/peperomia-obtusifolia/", "last_modified": "2024-08-21", "id": { "slug": "peperomia-obtusifolia", "wfo": "wfo-0000477916", "inat_taxon_id": 166493 }, "name": { "scientific": "Peperomia obtusifolia", "authorship": "(L.) A.Dietr.", "genus": "Peperomia", "epithet": "obtusifolia", "family": "Piperaceae", "rank": "species", "taxonomic_status": "accepted", "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06", "is_homonym": false, "published_in": "Sp. Pl., ed. 6. 1: 154.", "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:679269-1", "common": { "preferred": "baby rubberplant", "english": [ "baby rubberplant" ], "source": "wikidata" }, "synonyms": [ { "name": "Peperomia alveolata", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia antoni var. reducta", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia bayatana", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia cangrejalana", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia cruciata", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia cuneata", "authorship": "Miq." }, { "name": "Peperomia cuneifolia", "authorship": "(Jacq.) A.Dietr." }, { "name": "Peperomia daiquiriana", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia dodecatheontophylla", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia earlei", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia fieldiana", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia floridana", "authorship": "Small" }, { "name": "Peperomia formonensis", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia galeottii", "authorship": "Miq." }, { "name": "Peperomia hemionitidifolia", "authorship": "Ham." }, { "name": "Peperomia lancetillana", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia lunana", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia macropoda", "authorship": "Miq." }, { "name": "Peperomia magnoliifolia var. emarginulata", "authorship": "C.DC." }, { "name": "Peperomia mentiens", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia f. oblongifolia", "authorship": "Miq." }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia var. cuneata", "authorship": "(Miq.) Griseb." }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia var. emarginulata", "authorship": "(C.DC.) C.DC." }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia var. floridana", "authorship": "(Small) D.B.Ward" }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia var. genuina", "authorship": "Dahlst." }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia var. macropoda", "authorship": "Dahlst." }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia var. oblongifolia", "authorship": "Miq." }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia var. papyracea", "authorship": "Griseb." }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia var. parvifolia", "authorship": "Dahlst." }, { "name": "Peperomia obtusifolia var. petiolata", "authorship": "Dahlst." }, { "name": "Peperomia peninsularis", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia pyrolifolia", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia subflaccida var. subgeminispica", "authorship": "(Trel.) Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia subgeminispica", "authorship": "Trel." }, { "name": "Peperomia tithymaloides", "authorship": "(Vahl) A.Dietr." }, { "name": "Peperomia valerioi", "authorship": "Standl." }, { "name": "Piper cuneatum", "authorship": "Hook. ex Miq." }, { "name": "Piper cuneifolium", "authorship": "Jacq." }, { "name": "Piper hemionitidifolium", "authorship": "(Ham.) D.Dietr." }, { "name": "Piper humile", "authorship": "Mill." }, { "name": "Piper mandioccanum", "authorship": "Raddi" }, { "name": "Piper marginatum", "authorship": "Haw." }, { "name": "Piper milleri", "authorship": "Roem. & Schult." }, { "name": "Piper obtusifolium", "authorship": "L." }, { "name": "Piper tithymaloides", "authorship": "Vahl" }, { "name": "Rhynchophorum floridanum", "authorship": "(Small) Small" }, { "name": "Rhynchophorum obtusifolium", "authorship": "(L.) Small" } ], "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperomia_obtusifolia" }, "photographs": { "shown": 8, "usable_found": 28, "licences": [ "CC-BY", "CC-BY-SA" ], "noncommercial_excluded": true, "items": [ { "photo_id": 144767693, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Andrés Ramírez-Barrera", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/nicolasr", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3c9301be-6ad3-4705-abc1-a9ef45f3252b", "observed_on": "2021-07-11", "lat": 6.371, "lon": -73.168, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 683 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/144767693/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/144767693/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/144767693/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/144767693/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Andrés 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"MXS", "name": "Mexico Southwest", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Mexico" }, { "code": "BAH", "name": "Bahamas", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Caribbean" }, { "code": "BLZ", "name": "Belize", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Central America" }, { "code": "BOL", "name": "Bolivia", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Western South America" }, { "code": "BZN", "name": "Brazil North", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Brazil" }, { "code": "BZE", "name": "Brazil Northeast", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Brazil" }, { "code": "BZS", "name": "Brazil South", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Brazil" }, { "code": "BZL", "name": "Brazil Southeast", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Brazil" }, { "code": "BZC", "name": "Brazil West-Central", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Brazil" }, { "code": "CAY", "name": "Cayman Is.", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Caribbean" }, { "code": "CLM", "name": "Colombia", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Western South America" }, { "code": "COS", "name": "Costa Rica", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Central America" }, { "code": "CUB", "name": "Cuba", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Caribbean" }, { "code": "DOM", "name": "Dominican Republic", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Caribbean" }, { "code": "ECU", "name": "Ecuador", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Western South America" }, { "code": "ELS", "name": "El Salvador", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Central America" }, { "code": "FRG", "name": "French Guiana", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northern South America" }, { "code": "GUA", "name": "Guatemala", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Central America" }, { "code": "GUY", "name": "Guyana", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northern South America" }, { "code": "HAI", "name": "Haiti", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": 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"Northern South America" }, { "code": "VNA", "name": "Venezuelan Antilles", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Caribbean" }, { "code": "WIN", "name": "Windward Is.", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Caribbean" } ] }, "phenology": { "n": 12, "n_annotated": 17, "sufficient": false, "doi": null, "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)", "fields": { "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)", "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".", "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.", "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.", "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count." } }, "traits": { "lifeform": "perennial or epiphyte", "climate": "wet tropical" }, "climate_envelope": { "mean_annual_temp_c": { "p5": 19, "median": 23.7, "p95": 25.6 }, "temp_seasonality": { "p5": 22.7, "median": 185.1, "p95": 334.5 }, "max_temp_warmest_month_c": { "p5": 24.3, "median": 30.3, "p95": 32.1 }, "min_temp_coldest_month_c": { "p5": 12.8, "median": 15.7, "p95": 22.5 }, "annual_precip_mm": { "p5": 1313.9, "median": 1551.5, "p95": 3754.7 }, "precip_seasonality": { "p5": 30.4, "median": 59.6, "p95": 71.9 }, "precip_driest_quarter_mm": { "p5": 102.3, "median": 147.9, "p95": 401 }, "n": 255, "units": { "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius", "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)", "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)", "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year", "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter" }, "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec", "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.", "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "occurrences_doi": null, "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 255 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.", "is_hardiness_zone": false, "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other." }, "identification": { "on_device_model": { "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)", "identifies_this_species": false }, "in_accuracy_benchmark": false, "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/", "confused_with": [] }, "uses": { "categories": [ "Medicines", "Environmental Uses" ], "source": "Kew World Checklist of Useful Plant Species", "license": "CC-BY 4.0", "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5063/F1CV4G34", "synced": "2026-07-18", "note": "Categories in which this species is recorded as a useful plant. A record of use, not a recommendation, a dose or a safety claim." }, "phytochemistry": null, "conservation": null, "vernacular_names": { "by_language": [ { "language": "English", "language_code": "en", "names": [ "baby rubberplant", "American rubberplant" ] }, { "language": "Chinese", "language_code": "zh", "names": [ "圆叶椒草", "圓葉椒草" ] }, { "language": "German", "language_code": "de", "names": [ "fleischige Peperomie" ] }, { "language": "Swedish", "language_code": "sv", "names": [ "fredsgrönska" ] } ], "source": "Wikidata (P1843, CC0) + GBIF vernacular names", "license": "CC0 / per-source", "source_url": "https://www.wikidata.org", "synced": "2026-07-18" }, "interactions": { "by_type": [ { "type": "visitedBy", "label": "Visited by", "partners": [ "Romalea microptera" ] }, { "type": "eatenBy", "label": "Eaten by", "partners": [ "Calloconophora pinguis", "Carollia castanea", "Carollia perspicillata", "Carollia subrufa" ] } ], "source": "Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI)", "license": "CC-BY 4.0 (aggregate) / per-source", "source_url": "https://www.globalbioticinteractions.org", "synced": "2026-07-18", "note": "Species recorded interacting with this plant in the wild, aggregated across many source datasets by GloBI. Provenance is asserted at the GloBI aggregate level, not per partner, and partners are the most frequently recorded per interaction type." }, "growth_traits": { "characteristics": [ { "key": "growth_habit", "label": "Growth habit", "category": "Form and habit", "values": [ { "value": "herb", "extracted": false, "sources": [ { "source": "USDA PLANTS" }, { "source": "GIFT", "license": "CC-BY 4.0" }, { "source": "EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil", "license": "CC-BY 4.0" }, { "source": "EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens", "license": "CC0" }, { "source": "EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS", "license": "Public domain (U.S. Government work)" } ] }, { "value": "shrub", "extracted": false, "sources": [ { "source": "EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens", "license": "CC0" } ] }, { "value": "vine", "extracted": false, "sources": [ { "source": "EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens", "license": "CC0" } ] } ] }, { "key": "woodiness", "label": "Woodiness", "category": "Form and habit", "values": [ { "value": "non-woody", "extracted": false, "sources": [ { "source": "GIFT", "license": "CC-BY 4.0" } ] } ] }, { "key": "life_form", "label": "Life form", "category": "Form and habit", "values": [ { "value": "epiphyte", "extracted": false, "sources": [ { "source": "EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil", "license": "CC-BY 4.0" }, { "source": "EOL TraitBank / NMNH Botany specimens", "license": "CC0" } ] }, { "value": "lithophyte", "extracted": false, "sources": [ { "source": "EOL TraitBank / Flora do Brasil", "license": "CC-BY 4.0" } ] } ] }, { "key": "life_cycle", "label": "Life cycle", "category": "Life cycle", "values": [ { "value": "perennial", "extracted": false, "sources": [ { "source": "USDA PLANTS" }, { "source": "GIFT", "license": "CC-BY 4.0" }, { "source": "EOL TraitBank / USDA PLANTS", "license": "Public domain (U.S. Government work)" } ] } ] } ], "sources": [ { "name": "USDA PLANTS Database", "license": "Public domain (US Government work)", "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/" }, { "name": "GIFT (Global Inventory of Floras and Traits)", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "url": "https://gift.uni-goettingen.de/" }, { "name": "Wikidata structured plant traits", "license": "CC0 1.0", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/" }, { "name": "EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo)", "license": "Per record: CC0 / CC BY 4.0 / public domain only", "url": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17315431" }, { "name": "Traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides", "license": "Public domain (US Government work)", "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/" } ], "source": "USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank (via Zenodo) and traits mined from USDA NRCS plant guides", "license": "per source (public domain, CC BY 4.0, CC0)", "source_url": "https://botanai.app/sources/", "synced": "2026-07-19", "note": "Structured growth characteristics merged from four open sources (USDA PLANTS, GIFT, Wikidata, EOL TraitBank via Zenodo) plus traits mined from public-domain USDA NRCS guides. A documented record, not care advice. Each value keeps every source that reported it; a value marked extracted:true was read from prose, carries a verbatim quote and source_url, and has no structured source corroborating it." }, "nomenclature": { "authors": "(L.) A.Dietr.", "published_in": "Sp. Pl., ed. 6. i. 154, partim", "ipni_id": "urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:679269-1", "ipni_url": "https://www.ipni.org/n/679269-1", "source": "IPNI (International Plant Names Index)", "license": "CC-BY 4.0", "source_url": "https://www.ipni.org", "synced": "2026-07-18", "note": "The protologue citation: who published the name, in which work and year, and the IPNI record it resolves to. This is naming provenance, not a description." }, "sources": [ { "name": "World Flora Online Plant List", "note": "accepted name, authority, classification", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-12" }, { "name": "iNaturalist", "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only", "license": "per photograph", "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/", "retrieved": "2026-06-27" }, { "name": "Wikidata", "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-13" }, { "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr", "retrieved": "2026-06-04" } ], "gaps": [ { "field": "care", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted." }, { "field": "toxicity", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready." }, { "field": "botanical_review", "status": "not_sourced", "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page." }, { "field": "hardiness_zone", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all." }, { "field": "phenology", "status": "insufficient_evidence", "reason": "Only 12 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one." } ], "license": { "data": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/peperomia-obtusifolia/", "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)." } }