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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/paeonia-officinalis/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "paeonia-officinalis",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000480634",
    "inat_taxon_id": 128167
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Paeonia officinalis",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Paeonia",
    "epithet": "officinalis",
    "family": "Paeoniaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 530 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:711836-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Common Peony",
      "english": [
        "Common Peony",
        "common peony"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Moutan officinalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Lindl. & Paxton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia albiflos",
        "authorship": "Sabine ex Salm-Dyck"
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      {
        "name": "Paeonia anemoniflora",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Anon."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia banatica",
        "authorship": "Rochel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia barrii",
        "authorship": "Lynch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia baxteri",
        "authorship": "Sabine ex Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia commutata",
        "authorship": "Wender."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia elegans",
        "authorship": "Sabine ex Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia feminea",
        "authorship": "(L.) Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia feminea var. banatica",
        "authorship": "(Rochel) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia feminea var. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia festiva",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia fimbriata",
        "authorship": "Sabine"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia fimbriata",
        "authorship": "(Sabine) B.D.Jacks."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia foemina",
        "authorship": "Garsault"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia foemina",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia foemina prol. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia foemina subsp. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia foemina var. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Gürke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia foeminea subsp. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia fulgens",
        "authorship": "E.Vilm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia fulgida",
        "authorship": "Sabine ex Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia hirsuta",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia hirsuta",
        "authorship": "J.St.-Hil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia humilis",
        "authorship": "Retz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia humilis var. gallica",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia humilis var. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia huthii",
        "authorship": "(Soldano) Landolt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia lanceolata",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia leiocarpa",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia microcarpa",
        "authorship": "Boiss. & Reut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia microcarpa",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia modesta",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia mollis",
        "authorship": "G.Anderson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia monticola",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia nemoralis",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis f. leiocarpa",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis prol. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis subsp. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Cullen & Heywood"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis subvar. banatica",
        "authorship": "(Rochel) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. albicans",
        "authorship": "Sabine"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. anemoniflora",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. canescens",
        "authorship": "Sabine"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. feminea",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Martyn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. paradoxa",
        "authorship": "(G.Anderson) Bolzon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. rubra",
        "authorship": "Sabine"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia officinalis var. villosa",
        "authorship": "Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia paradoxa",
        "authorship": "G.Anderson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia paradoxa var. fimbriata",
        "authorship": "Sabine"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia paradoxa var. leiocarpa",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina f. angustata",
        "authorship": "Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina f. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina prol. leiocarpa",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina prol. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina prol. officinalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina prol. paradoxa",
        "authorship": "(G.Anderson) Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina var. banatica",
        "authorship": "(Rochel) Huth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina var. compacta",
        "authorship": "G.Anderson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina var. humilis",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Huth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina var. leiocarpa",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Coss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina var. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Font Quer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia peregrina var. officinalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Huth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia porrigens",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia promiscua",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia pubens",
        "authorship": "Sims"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia rosea",
        "authorship": "J.St.-Hil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia rubra",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia sessiliflora",
        "authorship": "Sims"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia splendens",
        "authorship": "E.Vilm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia subternata",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia versicolor",
        "authorship": "W.H.Baxter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia villarsii",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paeonia villosa",
        "authorship": "Desf."
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeonia_officinalis"
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          0.0998
        ],
        [
          0.0661,
          0.1567
        ],
        [
          0.2517,
          0.4861
        ],
        [
          0.5656,
          0.8988
        ],
        [
          0.5958,
          0.9821
        ],
        null,
        null,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 5.2,
      "median": 9.8,
      "p95": 13
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 550.9,
      "median": 644,
      "p95": 738
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18,
      "median": 23.6,
      "p95": 27.5
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -9.8,
      "median": -3,
      "p95": 0.7
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 500.1,
      "median": 1192.3,
      "p95": 2006.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 18.5,
      "median": 33.8,
      "p95": 43.9
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 74.5,
      "median": 161,
      "p95": 357.8
    },
    "n": 1063,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1063 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/paeonia-officinalis/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}