{
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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/orbea-variegata/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "orbea-variegata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001102267",
    "inat_taxon_id": 431387
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Orbea variegata",
    "authorship": "(L.) Haw.",
    "genus": "Orbea",
    "epithet": "variegata",
    "family": "Apocynaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Syn. Pl. Succ. 40 (1812)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "carrion-flower",
      "english": [
        "carrion-flower",
        "starfish-cactus",
        "starfishplant"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Orbea anguinea",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea bisulca",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea bufonia",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea clypeata",
        "authorship": "(Donn ex Jacq.) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea conspurcata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea curtisii",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea inodora",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea irrorata",
        "authorship": "(Masson) L.C.Leach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea lepida",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea maculosa",
        "authorship": "Donn ex Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea marginata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea marmorata",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea mixta",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea normalis",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea orbicularis",
        "authorship": "(Andrews) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea picta",
        "authorship": "(Donn ex Sims) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea planiflora",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea quinquenervia",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea retusa",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea trisulca",
        "authorship": "G.Don ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orbea woodfordiana",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Podanthes lepida",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia anguinea",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia atrata",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia atropurpurea",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia beffoniana",
        "authorship": "Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia bidentata",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia bifolia",
        "authorship": "Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia bisulca",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Donn ex Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia bufonia",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia bufonis",
        "authorship": "Sims"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia clypeata",
        "authorship": "Donn ex Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia conspurcata",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia curtisii",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia hispida",
        "authorship": "Horn ex Rüst"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia horizontalis",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia inodora",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Decne."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia irrorata",
        "authorship": "Masson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia lepida",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia limosa",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia maculosa",
        "authorship": "(Donn ex Haw.) Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia marginata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia marmorata",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia mixta",
        "authorship": "Masson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia monstrosa",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia natalensis",
        "authorship": "Rüst"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia normalis",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia obliqua",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia ophiuncula",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia orbicularis",
        "authorship": "Andrews"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia orbiculata",
        "authorship": "Donn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia picta",
        "authorship": "Donn ex Sims"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia planiflora",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia planiflora var. marginata",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia putida",
        "authorship": "A.Berger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia quinquenervis",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia retusa",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia rosea",
        "authorship": "(Rüst) A.Berger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia rufescens",
        "authorship": "(Dammann ex Rüst) A.Berger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia rugosa",
        "authorship": "Donn ex Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia scutellata",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia tigrina",
        "authorship": "(Rüst) A.Berger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia variegata",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stapelia variegata var. brevicornis",
        "authorship": "N.E.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera anguina",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera atropurpurea",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera bisulca",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera bufonia",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera clypeata",
        "authorship": "(Donn ex Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera conspurcata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera curtisii",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera inodora",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera irrorata",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera lepida",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera maculosa",
        "authorship": "(Donn ex Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera marginata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera marmorata",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera mixta",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera normalis",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera obliqua",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera orbicularis",
        "authorship": "(Andrews) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera picta",
        "authorship": "(Donn) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera planiflora",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera quinquenervis",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera retusa",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera rugosa",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera variegata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stissera woodfordiana",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria anguinea",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria atropurpurea",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria bisulca",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria bufonia",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria clypeata",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria conspurcata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria curtisii",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria inodora",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria irrorata",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria lepida",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria maculosa",
        "authorship": "(Donn ex Haw.) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria marginata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria marmorata",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria mixta",
        "authorship": "(Masson) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria normalis",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria obliqua",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria orbicularis",
        "authorship": "(Andrews) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria picta",
        "authorship": "(Donn ex Sims) Kuntze"
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      {
        "name": "Stisseria planiflora",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria quinquenervis",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria retusa",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria rugosa",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria variegata",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stisseria woodfordiana",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tromotriche obliqua",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) G.Don"
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbea_variegata"
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    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "CPP"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "succulent subshrub",
    "climate": "subtropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 15.3,
      "median": 16.3,
      "p95": 17.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 176,
      "median": 236.1,
      "p95": 373.2
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 19.6,
      "median": 22.6,
      "p95": 28.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 6.5,
      "median": 10.4,
      "p95": 12.9
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 358,
      "median": 828.4,
      "p95": 1183.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 21.9,
      "median": 62.8,
      "p95": 66.7
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 44.9,
      "median": 87.7,
      "p95": 116
    },
    "n": 379,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 379 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/orbea-variegata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}