{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ophrys-sphegodes/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "ophrys-sphegodes",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000258455",
    "inat_taxon_id": 243623
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Ophrys sphegodes",
    "authorship": "Mill.",
    "genus": "Ophrys",
    "epithet": "sphegodes",
    "family": "Orchidaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : n.° 8 (1768)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:648128-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Early spider-orchid",
      "english": [
        "Early spider-orchid"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Arachnites aranifera",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) Bubani"
      },
      {
        "name": "Arachnites atratus",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arachnites fuciflorus var. ambiguus",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Arachnites fuciflorus var. panormitanus",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Myodium araniferum",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys abdita",
        "authorship": "C.E.Hermos."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys adonidis",
        "authorship": "A.Camus & Gomb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aegilica",
        "authorship": "Engelen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aesculapii",
        "authorship": "Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aesculapii subsp. pseudoaraneifera",
        "authorship": "Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys alasiatica",
        "authorship": "Kreutz, Segers & H.Walraven"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys albanica",
        "authorship": "Presser"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys amanensis",
        "authorship": "(E.Nelson ex Renz & Taubenheim) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys amanensis subsp. antalyensis",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz & Seckel) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys amanensis subsp. iceliensis",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys antalyensis",
        "authorship": "Kreutz & Seckel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys arachnites var. exaltata",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Fiori & Paol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys arachnitiformis subsp. cephalonica",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys arachnitiformis subsp. cilentana",
        "authorship": "(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys arachnitiformis var. passionis",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola subsp. argentaria",
        "authorship": "(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola subsp. ausonia",
        "authorship": "(Devillers, Devillers-Tersch. & P.Delforge) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola subsp. cretensis",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola subsp. illyrica",
        "authorship": "(S.Hertel & K.Hertel) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola subsp. incantata",
        "authorship": "(Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola subsp. quadriloba",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola subsp. tommasinii",
        "authorship": "(Vis.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola subsp. virescens",
        "authorship": "(Gren.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola var. argentaria",
        "authorship": "(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys araneola var. virescens",
        "authorship": "(Gren.) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera",
        "authorship": "Huds."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. alsatica",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. elongata",
        "authorship": "Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. epirotica",
        "authorship": "Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. hymettii",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. istriaca",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. latipetala",
        "authorship": "Chaub. ex St.-Amans"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. ocellata",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. oodicheila",
        "authorship": "Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. peralba",
        "authorship": "G.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. pseudaranifera",
        "authorship": "Murr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. pseudomuscifera",
        "authorship": "Ruppert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. purpurea",
        "authorship": "A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. semilunaris",
        "authorship": "Walth.Zimm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. squalida",
        "authorship": "Gren."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. subfucifera",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. taurica",
        "authorship": "(Aggeenko) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. valdecornuta",
        "authorship": "A.Fuchs"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera f. viridiflora",
        "authorship": "Gren."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera prol. litigiosa",
        "authorship": "(E.G.Camus) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. aesculapii",
        "authorship": "(Renz) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. arachnitiformis",
        "authorship": "(Gren. & Philippe) E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. araneola",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. atrata",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. boissieri",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. exaltata",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. fuchsii",
        "authorship": "(W.Zimmerm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. fucifera",
        "authorship": "H.C.Watson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. gigantea",
        "authorship": "(A.Fuchs) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. helenae",
        "authorship": "(Renz) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. incubacea",
        "authorship": "(Bianca ex Tod.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. litigiosa",
        "authorship": "(E.G.Camus) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. litigiosa",
        "authorship": "(E.G.Camus) E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. macedonica",
        "authorship": "H.Fleischm. ex Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. mammosa",
        "authorship": "(Desf.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. massiliensis",
        "authorship": "(Viglione & Véla) Véla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. panormitana",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Véla & R.Martin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. praecox",
        "authorship": "(Corrias) Véla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. renzii",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. taurica",
        "authorship": "(Aggeenko) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. tommasinii",
        "authorship": "(Vis.) E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. transhyrcana",
        "authorship": "(Czerniak.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subsp. vierhapperi",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera subvar. bavarica",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. araneola",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. araneola",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. atrata",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. aurantiaca",
        "authorship": "Beauverd"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. boissieri",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. euchlora",
        "authorship": "J.Murray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. flavescens",
        "authorship": "M.Schulze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. fuchsii",
        "authorship": "(W.Zimm.) Schltr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. fucifera",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. fucifera",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. gigantea",
        "authorship": "A.Fuchs"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. limbata",
        "authorship": "Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. mammosa",
        "authorship": "(Desf.) Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. panormitana",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. pseudospeculum",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. quadriloba",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. rotulata",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. rubriflora",
        "authorship": "Rivas Goday"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. subfucifera",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. taurica",
        "authorship": "Aggeenko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. tommasinii",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. tommasinii",
        "authorship": "(Vis.) Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. vierhapperi",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aranifera var. virescens",
        "authorship": "Gren."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys archipelagi subsp. cephalonica",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Paulus & M.Hirth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys argensonensis",
        "authorship": "J.-C.Guérin & A.Merlet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys argentaria",
        "authorship": "Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys atrata",
        "authorship": "Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys atrata var. incubacea",
        "authorship": "(Bianca) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys ausonia",
        "authorship": "Devillers, Devillers-Tersch. & P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aveyronensis",
        "authorship": "(J.J.Wood) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aveyronensis",
        "authorship": "(J.J.Wood) H.Baumann & Künkele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aveyronensis subsp. vitorica",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) Paulus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys biceratia",
        "authorship": "Delile ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys brutia",
        "authorship": "P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys caloptera",
        "authorship": "Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys camusii",
        "authorship": "Cortesi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys caucasica",
        "authorship": "Woronow ex Grossh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys caucasica subsp. cyclocheila",
        "authorship": "Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cephalonica",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys chaonica",
        "authorship": "P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cilentana",
        "authorship": "Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys ciliciana",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys classica",
        "authorship": "Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cretensis",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) Paulus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cretensis subsp. samica",
        "authorship": "A.Alibertis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys crucigera",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cyanogramma",
        "authorship": "Welw. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cyclocheila",
        "authorship": "(Aver.) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys delmeziana",
        "authorship": "P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys delphica",
        "authorship": "H.Fleischm. ex Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys doerfleri subsp. mouterdeana",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Paulus & M.Hirth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys epirotica",
        "authorship": "(Renz) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys eretriae",
        "authorship": "M.Hirth & Paulus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys exaltata",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys exaltata f. egibossa",
        "authorship": "Gren."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys exaltata f. toscanensis",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys exaltata subsp. cephalonica",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Soca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys exaltata subsp. panormitana",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys exaltata subsp. sicula",
        "authorship": "(E.Nelson ex Soó) Del Prete"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys exaltata var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "Gren."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys exaltata var. praecox",
        "authorship": "(Corrias) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys ferrum-equinum subsp. spruneri",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys ferrum-equinum var. aeginensis",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys fuchsii",
        "authorship": "W.Zimm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys fucifera",
        "authorship": "Curtis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys fuciflora subsp. exaltata",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) E.Nelson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys galactostictos",
        "authorship": "Heldr. & Sartori ex Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys galeopsidea",
        "authorship": "Lag. ex Colmeiro"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys garganica",
        "authorship": "O.Danesch & E.Danesch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys garganica subsp. caloptera",
        "authorship": "(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys garganica subsp. castri-caesaris",
        "authorship": "(Looken) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys garganica subsp. majellensis",
        "authorship": "(Helga Daiss & Herm.Daiss) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys garganica subsp. passionis",
        "authorship": "Paulus & Gack"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys garganica subsp. pseudoatrata",
        "authorship": "(S.Hertel & Presser) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys garganica subsp. sipontensis",
        "authorship": "Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys gortynia",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) Paulus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys grammica",
        "authorship": "(B.Willing & E.Willing) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys grammica subsp. knossia",
        "authorship": "A.Alibertis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys grassoana",
        "authorship": "(Cristaudo, Galesi, R.Lorenz & Zelesny) Biagioli, Kreutz & De Simoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys gravinensis",
        "authorship": "D'Alonzo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys grigoriana",
        "authorship": "G.Kretzschmar & H.Kretzschmar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys hansreinhardii",
        "authorship": "M.Hirth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys hebes",
        "authorship": "(Kalop.) E.Willing & B.Willing"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys hebes var. negadensis",
        "authorship": "(G.Thiele & W.Thiele) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys helenae",
        "authorship": "Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys herae",
        "authorship": "M.Hirth & H.Spaeth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys herae f. janrenzii",
        "authorship": "(M.Hirth) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys herae subsp. janrenzii",
        "authorship": "(M.Hirth) M.Hirth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys herae subsp. osmaniaca",
        "authorship": "Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys hittitica",
        "authorship": "Kreutz & Ruedi Peter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys hiulca",
        "authorship": "Spruner ex Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys holoserica subsp. exaltata",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys holoserica var. exaltata",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys hystera",
        "authorship": "Kreutz & Ruedi Peter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys iceliensis",
        "authorship": "Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys illyrica",
        "authorship": "S.Hertel & K.Hertel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incantata",
        "authorship": "Devillers & Devillers-Tersch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea",
        "authorship": "Bianca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea f. albina",
        "authorship": "De Bellard, Calzado, Hervás, J.C.Huertas, Reyes Carr. & Ruíz Cano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea subsp. brutia",
        "authorship": "(P.Delforge) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea subsp. castri-caesaris",
        "authorship": "Looken"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea subsp. garganica",
        "authorship": "(O.Danesch & E.Danesch) Galesi, Cristaudo & Maugeri"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea subsp. ionica",
        "authorship": "Gennaio, M.Gargiulo, Medagli & Chetta"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea subsp. pacensis",
        "authorship": "F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea var. brutia",
        "authorship": "(P.Delforge) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea var. dianensis",
        "authorship": "Perazza & Doro"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea var. fucifera",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea var. rubriflora",
        "authorship": "(Rivas Goday) F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys incubacea var. septentrionalis",
        "authorship": "Perazza & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera subsp. aranifera",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera subvar. ciliata",
        "authorship": "Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera subvar. pallescens",
        "authorship": "Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera subvar. rubescens",
        "authorship": "Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera var. elongata",
        "authorship": "Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera var. fissa",
        "authorship": "Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera var. proxima",
        "authorship": "Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera var. virescens",
        "authorship": "(Gren.) Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys janrenzii",
        "authorship": "M.Hirth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys jeanpertii",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys kallaikia",
        "authorship": "C.E.Hermos."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys knossia",
        "authorship": "(A.Alibertis) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys kojurensis",
        "authorship": "Gölz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys leucophthalma",
        "authorship": "Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys liburnica",
        "authorship": "Devillers & Devillers-Tersch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys ligustica",
        "authorship": "Romolini & Soca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys litigiosa",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys lycia",
        "authorship": "Renz & Taubenheim"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys macedonica",
        "authorship": "(H.Fleischm. ex Soó) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys majellensis",
        "authorship": "(Helga Daiss & Herm.Daiss) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa",
        "authorship": "Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa f. falsomammosa",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. caucasica",
        "authorship": "(Woronow ex Grossh.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. ciliciana",
        "authorship": "Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. cyclocheila",
        "authorship": "(Aver.) B.Baumann, H.Baumann, R.Lorenz & Ruedi Peter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. epirotica",
        "authorship": "(Renz) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. falsomammosa",
        "authorship": "B.Baumann & H.Baumann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. gortynia",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. grammica",
        "authorship": "B.Willing & E.Willing"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. helenae",
        "authorship": "(Renz) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. helenae",
        "authorship": "(Renz) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. janrenzii",
        "authorship": "(M.Hirth) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. leucophthalma",
        "authorship": "(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. macedonica",
        "authorship": "(H.Fleischm. ex Soó) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. mouterdeana",
        "authorship": "B.Baumann & H.Baumann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. parviflora",
        "authorship": "Kreutz & H.Heitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. posteria",
        "authorship": "B.Baumann & H.Baumann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. serotina",
        "authorship": "B.Willing & E.Willing"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. taurica",
        "authorship": "(Aggeenko) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. transhyrcana",
        "authorship": "(Czerniak.) Buttler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. ustulata",
        "authorship": "G.Thiele & W.Thiele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa subsp. vierhapperi",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa var. boissieri",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mammosa var. cretensis",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys maritima",
        "authorship": "Pacifico & Soca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys massiliensis",
        "authorship": "Viglione & Véla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys metaurensis",
        "authorship": "Klaver & Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys minipassionis",
        "authorship": "Romolini & Soca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys molisana",
        "authorship": "P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys montenegrina",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys morio",
        "authorship": "Paulus & Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mouterdeana",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys murgiana",
        "authorship": "Cillo, Medagli & Margh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys negadensis",
        "authorship": "G.Thiele & W.Thiele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys neoschulzei",
        "authorship": "A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys olonae",
        "authorship": "(J.-P.Ring & Y.Wilcox) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys osmaniaca",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys palaestinae",
        "authorship": "Kreutz & Shifman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys panormitana",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys panormitana subsp. praecox",
        "authorship": "(Corrias) Paulus & Gack"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys panormitana var. praecox",
        "authorship": "(Corrias) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys paphlagonica",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis",
        "authorship": "Sennen ex Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis subsp. castri-caesaris",
        "authorship": "(Looken) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis subsp. garganica",
        "authorship": "(O.Danesch & E.Danesch) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis subsp. garganica",
        "authorship": "E.Nelson ex H.Baumann & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis subsp. majellensis",
        "authorship": "(Helga Daiss & Herm.Daiss) Romolini & Soca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis subsp. pseudoatrata",
        "authorship": "(S.Hertel & Presser) Biagioli & Grünanger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis var. castricaesaris",
        "authorship": "(Looken) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis var. garganica",
        "authorship": "(O.Danesch & E.Danesch) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis var. majellensis",
        "authorship": "(Helga Daiss & Herm.Daiss) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys passionis var. pseudoatrata",
        "authorship": "(S.Hertel & Presser) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys pauli",
        "authorship": "A.Fuchs"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys plakotiana",
        "authorship": "C.Thiele, G.Thiele, U.Thiele & W.Thiele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys poelmansiana",
        "authorship": "P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys posteria",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Devillers & Devillers-Tersch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys praecox",
        "authorship": "(Corrias) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys prespaensis",
        "authorship": "M.Hirth & Paulus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys provincialis",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) Paulus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys pseudaranifera",
        "authorship": "Murr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys pseudoatrata",
        "authorship": "S.Hertel & Presser"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys pseudomammosa",
        "authorship": "Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys pseudospeculum var. araneola",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys quadriloba",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys renzii",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys riojana",
        "authorship": "C.E.Hermos."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys ruppertii",
        "authorship": "A.Fuchs"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sintenisii",
        "authorship": "H.Fleischm. & Bornm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sipontensis",
        "authorship": "R.Lorenz & Gembardt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sipontensis var. murgiana",
        "authorship": "(Cillo, Medagli & Margh.) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys speculum subsp. jeanpertii",
        "authorship": "(E.G.Camus) Del Prete & Conte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphaciotica",
        "authorship": "H.Fleischm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes f. latipetala",
        "authorship": "(Chaub. ex St.-Amans) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes f. pseudomuscifera",
        "authorship": "(Ruppert) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes f. subfucifera",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes lus. rotulata",
        "authorship": "(Beck) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. alasiatica",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz, Segers & H.Walraven) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. aranifera",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. argensonensis",
        "authorship": "(J.-C.Guérin & A.Merlet) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. argentaria",
        "authorship": "(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Biagioli & Grünanger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. ausonia",
        "authorship": "(Devillers, Devillers-Tersch. & P.Delforge) Biagioli & Grünanger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. caucasica",
        "authorship": "(Woronow ex Grossh.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. cephalonica",
        "authorship": "B.Baumann & H.Baumann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. classica",
        "authorship": "(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. fuchsii",
        "authorship": "(W.Zimmerm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. garganica",
        "authorship": "E.Nelson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. gigantea",
        "authorship": "(A.Fuchs) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. grammica",
        "authorship": "(B.Willing & E.Willing) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. grassoana",
        "authorship": "Cristaudo, Galesi, R.Lorenz & Zelesny"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. hebes",
        "authorship": "Kalopissis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. hebes",
        "authorship": "Kalop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. herae",
        "authorship": "(M.Hirth & H.Spaeth) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. janrenzii",
        "authorship": "(M.Hirth) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. liburnica",
        "authorship": "(Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. litigiosa",
        "authorship": "(E.G.Camus) Bech."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. majellensis",
        "authorship": "Helga Daiss & Herm.Daiss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. mammosa",
        "authorship": "(Desf.) Soó ex E.Nelson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. maritima",
        "authorship": "(Pacifico & Soca) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. massiliensis",
        "authorship": "(Viglione & Véla) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. minipassionis",
        "authorship": "(Romolini & Soca) Biagioli & Grünanger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. montenegrina",
        "authorship": "H.Baumann & Künkele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. oodicheila",
        "authorship": "(Renz) Riech."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. panormitana",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. panormitana",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) E.Nelson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. parnassica",
        "authorship": "Soó ex J.J.Wood"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. praecox",
        "authorship": "Corrias"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. provincialis",
        "authorship": "H.Baumann & Künkele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. pseudospeculum",
        "authorship": "(Schinz & Thell.) Braun-Blanq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. riojana",
        "authorship": "(C.E.Hermos.) Biagioli & Grünanger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. sicula",
        "authorship": "E.Nelson ex Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. sintenisii",
        "authorship": "(H.Fleischm. & Bornm.) E.Nelson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. tarquinia",
        "authorship": "(P.Delforge) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. tommasinii",
        "authorship": "(Vis.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. transhyrcana",
        "authorship": "(Czerniak.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes subsp. zeusii",
        "authorship": "(M.Hirth) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. araneola",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Schinz & Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. argentaria",
        "authorship": "(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Faurh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. atrata",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f.) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. aurantiaca",
        "authorship": "(Beauv.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. bavarica",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. euchlora",
        "authorship": "(J.Murr.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. flavescens",
        "authorship": "(Schulze) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. garganicoides",
        "authorship": "Balayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. helenae",
        "authorship": "(Renz) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. pacensis",
        "authorship": "(F.M.Vázquez) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. pallescens",
        "authorship": "(Moggr.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. peralba",
        "authorship": "(Ruppert ex W.Zimm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. pseudospeculum",
        "authorship": "Schinz & Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(A.Camus) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. rubescens",
        "authorship": "(Moggr.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. semilunaris",
        "authorship": "(Walth.Zimm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. sicula",
        "authorship": "(E.Nelson ex Soó) Galesi, Cristaudo & Maugeri"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. subaesculapiana",
        "authorship": "Balayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. subspruneriana",
        "authorship": "Balayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegodes var. subtommasiniana",
        "authorship": "Balayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys spruneri",
        "authorship": "Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys spruneri f. galactostictos",
        "authorship": "(Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys spruneri f. galactostictos",
        "authorship": "(Heldr. & Sartori ex Boiss.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys spruneri subsp. grigoriana",
        "authorship": "(G.Kretzschmar & H.Kretzschmar) H.Kretzschmar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys spruneri subsp. panormitana",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys spruneri var. grigoriana",
        "authorship": "(G.Kretzschmar & H.Kretzschmar) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys spruneri var. orientalis",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys suboccidentalis",
        "authorship": "J.-P.Ring, J.-C.Querré & Y.Wilcox"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys suboccidentalis subsp. olonae",
        "authorship": "J.-P.Ring & Y.Wilcox"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys taigetica",
        "authorship": "Presser & S.Hertel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys tarquinia",
        "authorship": "P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys taurica",
        "authorship": "(Aggeenko) Nevski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys tommasinii",
        "authorship": "Vis."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys tommasinii subsp. araneola",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys tommasinii subsp. litigiosa",
        "authorship": "(E.G.Camus) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys transhyrcana",
        "authorship": "Czerniak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys transhyrcana subsp. amanensis",
        "authorship": "E.Nelson ex Renz & Taubenheim"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys transhyrcana subsp. morio",
        "authorship": "(Paulus & Kreutz) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys transhyrcana subsp. mouterdeana",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys transhyrcana subsp. paphlagonica",
        "authorship": "Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys transhyrcana subsp. sintenisii",
        "authorship": "(H.Fleischm. & Bornm.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys transhyrcana subsp. turcomanica",
        "authorship": "(Renz) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys transhyrcana var. kojurensis",
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      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
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      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
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      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/ophrys-sphegodes/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}