{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ophrys-scolopax/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "ophrys-scolopax",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000258394",
    "inat_taxon_id": 82865
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Ophrys scolopax",
    "authorship": "Cav.",
    "genus": "Ophrys",
    "epithet": "scolopax",
    "family": "Orchidaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Icon. 2: 46 (1793)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:648106-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Woodcock bee-orchid",
      "english": [
        "Woodcock bee-orchid"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Ophrys abchasica",
        "authorship": "(Kümpel) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys akcakarae",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys apiformis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys arachnites f. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Bolzon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys arachnites var. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Fiori & Paol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys arachnites var. scolopax",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) Fiori & Paol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aramaeorum f. akcakarae",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys atropos",
        "authorship": "Barla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys attica subsp. rhodia",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) Shifman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys aurita",
        "authorship": "Brot."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys balcanica",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys beirana",
        "authorship": "D.Tyteca, J.Pessoa & Luísa Borges"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys bicornis",
        "authorship": "Sadler ex Nendtv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys bicornis var. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys bremifera",
        "authorship": "Steven"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys bullata",
        "authorship": "Cirillo ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys carmeli subsp. rhodia",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) Shifman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cephaloniensis",
        "authorship": "Paulus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cerastes",
        "authorship": "Devillers & Devillers-Tersch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cerastes var. minuscula",
        "authorship": "(G.Thiele & W.Thiele) Devillers & Devillers-Tersch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys ceto",
        "authorship": "Devillers, Devillers-Tersch. & P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys conradiae",
        "authorship": "Melki & Deschâtres"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys corbariensis",
        "authorship": "J.Samuel & J.-M.Lewin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys corniculata",
        "authorship": "Brot."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta",
        "authorship": "Steven"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta f. banatica",
        "authorship": "Rchb.f. ex Pantu & Procop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta f. crassicornis",
        "authorship": "Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta lus. chlorosepala",
        "authorship": "Ruppert ex Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta subsp. balcanica",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta subsp. heldreichii",
        "authorship": "(Schltr.) Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. akcakarae",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. akcaliensis",
        "authorship": "(Perschke) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. balcanica",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. banatica",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f. ex Pantu & Procop.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. bicornis",
        "authorship": "(Sadler ex Nendtv.) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. bremifera",
        "authorship": "(Steven ex M.Bieb.) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. cephaloniensis",
        "authorship": "(Paulus) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. cornutula",
        "authorship": "(Paulus) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. elbursana",
        "authorship": "(Kreutz) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "(B.Willing & E.Willing) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. hippocratis",
        "authorship": "(P.Delforge) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. hygrophila",
        "authorship": "(Gügel, Kreutz, D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. isaura",
        "authorship": "(Renz & Taubenheim) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. karadenizensis",
        "authorship": "(M.Schönfelder & H.Schönfelder) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. kassandra",
        "authorship": "(Presser, Z.Antonop. & Tenschert) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. kreutzii",
        "authorship": "(W.Hahn, R.Wegener & J.Mast) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. lemnosiana",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. leptomera",
        "authorship": "(P.Delforge) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. masticorum",
        "authorship": "(P.Delforge & Saliaris) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. minuscula",
        "authorship": "G.Thiele & W.Thiele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. minutiflora",
        "authorship": "(J.Essink, L.Essink, Gügel, Kreutz & Zaiss) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. minutula",
        "authorship": "(Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. nestoris",
        "authorship": "(A.Alibertis & Brütsch) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. orphanidea",
        "authorship": "(Saliaris & P.Delforge) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. phrygia",
        "authorship": "(H.Fleischm. & Bornm.) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. rhodostephane",
        "authorship": "(Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. sappho",
        "authorship": "(Devillers-Tersch., Devillers, Dedroog, Baeten & Flausch) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. sepioides",
        "authorship": "(Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. stavri",
        "authorship": "(Kalog., Delipetrou & A.Alibertis) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornuta var. ulupinara",
        "authorship": "(W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys cornutula",
        "authorship": "Paulus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys crassicornis",
        "authorship": "(Renz) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys dicipulus",
        "authorship": "Valahas"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys fuciflora f. pseudoestrifera",
        "authorship": "Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys fuciflora subsp. apiformis",
        "authorship": "(Desf.) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys fuciflora subsp. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys fuciflora subsp. scolopax",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys gerstlaueri",
        "authorship": "A.Fuchs"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys heldreichii",
        "authorship": "Schltr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys heldreichii subsp. polyxo",
        "authorship": "(J.Mast, M.-A.Garnier, Devillers-Tersch. & Deviller) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys heldreichii subsp. pusilla",
        "authorship": "B.Baumann & H.Baumann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys heldreichii subsp. schlechteriana",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys heldreichii var. polyxo",
        "authorship": "(J.Mast, M.-A.Garnier, Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys heldreichii var. pusilla",
        "authorship": "(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys heldreichii var. schlechteriana",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys hippocratis",
        "authorship": "P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys holoserica subsp. apiformis",
        "authorship": "H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys holoserica subsp. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven ex M.Bieb.) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys holoserica subsp. scolopax",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys holoserica var. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys holoserica var. scolopax",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys hygrophila",
        "authorship": "Gügel, Kreutz, D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera subsp. philippi",
        "authorship": "(Gren.) Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera subsp. scolopax",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) Moggr. & Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera subsp. scolopax",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera var. apiformis",
        "authorship": "Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys insectifera var. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Moggr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys isaura",
        "authorship": "Renz & Taubenheim"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys karadenizensis",
        "authorship": "M.Schönfelder & H.Schönfelder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys kassandra",
        "authorship": "Presser, Z.Antonop. & Tenschert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys khuzestanica",
        "authorship": "(Renz & Taubenheim) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys kreutzii",
        "authorship": "W.Hahn, R.Wegener & J.Mast"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys kvarneri",
        "authorship": "Perko & Kerschb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys leptomera",
        "authorship": "P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys masticorum",
        "authorship": "P.Delforge & Saliaris"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mattinatae",
        "authorship": "Medagli, A.Rossini, Quitadamo, D'Emerico & Turco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys minuscula",
        "authorship": "(G.Thiele & W.Thiele) Presser & S.Hertel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys minutiflora",
        "authorship": "(J.Essink, L.Essink, Gügel, Kreutz & Zaiss) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys minutula",
        "authorship": "Gölz & H.R.Reinhard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys montis-gargani",
        "authorship": "(Van de Vijver & W.Looken) Biagioli, Kreutz & De Simoni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys muscaria",
        "authorship": "Pall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys mycenensis",
        "authorship": "S.Hertel & Paulus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys nestoris",
        "authorship": "(A.Alibertis & Brütsch) Presser & S.Hertel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera",
        "authorship": "M.Bieb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera f. bremifera",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. abchasica",
        "authorship": "Kümpel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. akcakarae",
        "authorship": "Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. akcaliensis",
        "authorship": "Perschke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. balcanica",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. bicornis",
        "authorship": "(Sadler ex Nendtv.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. bremifera",
        "authorship": "(Steven) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. cornutula",
        "authorship": "(Paulus) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. elbursana",
        "authorship": "Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "(B.Willing & E.Willing) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. heldreichii",
        "authorship": "(Schltr.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. hygrophila",
        "authorship": "(Gügel, Kreutz, D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. karadenizensis",
        "authorship": "(M.Schönfelder & H.Schönfelder) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. lemnosiana",
        "authorship": "B.Baumann & H.Baumann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. leptomera",
        "authorship": "(P.Delforge) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. mattinatae",
        "authorship": "(Medagli, A.Rossini, Quitadamo, D'Emerico & Turco) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. minuscula",
        "authorship": "(G.Thiele & W.Thiele) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. minutiflora",
        "authorship": "J.Essink, L.Essink, Gügel, Kreutz & Zaiss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. minutula",
        "authorship": "(Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. montis-gargani",
        "authorship": "Van de Vijver & W.Van Looken"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. philippi",
        "authorship": "(Gren.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. phrygia",
        "authorship": "(H.Fleischm. & Bornm.) H.Baumann & R.Lorenz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. rhodostephane",
        "authorship": "(Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. schlechteriana",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera subsp. stavri",
        "authorship": "Kalog., Delipetrou & A.Alibertis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera var. banatica",
        "authorship": "(Rchb.f. ex Pantu & Procop.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera var. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "B.Willing & E.Willing"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys oestrifera var. heldreichii",
        "authorship": "(Schltr.) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys orphanidea",
        "authorship": "Saliaris & P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys philippei",
        "authorship": "Gren."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys phrygia",
        "authorship": "H.Fleischm. & Bornm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys picta",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys picta",
        "authorship": "Bory & Chaub."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys picta f. carbajoi",
        "authorship": "F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys picta subsp. libani",
        "authorship": "Renz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys picta subsp. nafarroana",
        "authorship": "Robles & M.Becerra"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys picta var. oestrifera",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb.) Bory & Chaub."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys picta var. pallescens",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys picta var. sphegifera",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys polyxo",
        "authorship": "J.Mast, M.-A.Garnier, Devillers-Tersch. & Deviller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys querciphila",
        "authorship": "Nicole, Hervy & Soca"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys rhodia",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann & Künkele) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys rhodostephane",
        "authorship": "Devillers & Devillers-Tersch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys santonica",
        "authorship": "J.M.Mathé & Melki"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sappho",
        "authorship": "Devillers-Tersch., Devillers, Dedroog, Baeten & Flausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sardoa",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann, Giotta, Künkele, R.Lorenz & Piccitto) Paulus & Gack"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys schelkownikowii",
        "authorship": "Woronow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys schlechteriana",
        "authorship": "(Soó) Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax f. carbajoi",
        "authorship": "(F.M.Vázquez) Hervás, De Bellard, Calzado, J.C.Huertas, Reyes Carr. & Ruíz Cano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax f. chlorosepala",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax f. crassicornis",
        "authorship": "(Renz) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax f. minuta",
        "authorship": "De Bellard, Calzado, Hervás, J.C.Huertas, Reyes Carr. & Ruíz Cano"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax f. pallescens",
        "authorship": "(Soó) F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax f. picta",
        "authorship": "(Link) Batt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax f. viridiflora",
        "authorship": "A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax subsp. bremifera",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Biel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax subsp. corbariensis",
        "authorship": "(J.Samuel & J.-M.Lewin) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax subsp. jugurtha",
        "authorship": "R.Martin & Ouni"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax subsp. minutula",
        "authorship": "(Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) Biel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax subsp. nestoris",
        "authorship": "A.Alibertis & Brütsch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax subsp. oestrifera",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax subsp. picta",
        "authorship": "(Link) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax subsp. santonica",
        "authorship": "(J.M.Mathé & Melki) R.Engel & P.Quentin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax subsp. sardoa",
        "authorship": "H.Baumann, Giotta, Künkele, R.Lorenz & Piccitto"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. beirana",
        "authorship": "(D.Tyteca, J.Pessoa & Luísa Borges) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. bicornis",
        "authorship": "(Sadler ex Nendtv.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. bremifera",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. chlorosepala",
        "authorship": "(Thell.) Maire & Weiller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. conradiae",
        "authorship": "(Melki & Deschâtres) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. corbariensis",
        "authorship": "(J.Samuel & J.-M.Lewin) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. cornuta",
        "authorship": "(Steven) Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. cornuta",
        "authorship": "Barla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. granatensis",
        "authorship": "Amo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. grandiflora",
        "authorship": "(B.Willing & E.Willing) Biel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. honckensis",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. jugurtha",
        "authorship": "(R.Martin & Ouni) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. minutula",
        "authorship": "(Gölz & H.R.Reinhard) H.A.Pedersen & Faurh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. oestrifera",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb.) Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. philippi",
        "authorship": "(Gren.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. picta",
        "authorship": "(Link) Rchb.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. querciphila",
        "authorship": "(Nicole, Hervy & Soca) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. santonica",
        "authorship": "(J.M.Mathé & Melki) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. sardoa",
        "authorship": "(H.Baumann, Giotta, Künkele, R.Lorenz & Piccitto) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys scolopax var. sepalina",
        "authorship": "F.M.Vázquez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sepioides",
        "authorship": "Devillers & Devillers-Tersch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys sphegifera",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys stavri",
        "authorship": "(Kalog., Delipetrou & A.Alibertis) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys ulupinara",
        "authorship": "W.Hahn, Passin & R.Wegener"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys umbilicata subsp. khuzestanica",
        "authorship": "Renz & Taubenheim"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys umbilicata subsp. rhodia",
        "authorship": "H.Baumann & Künkele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys umbilicata var. abchasica",
        "authorship": "(Kümpel) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys umbilicata var. khuzestanica",
        "authorship": "(Renz & Taubenheim) Hennecke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ophrys vetula",
        "authorship": "Risso"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis oestrifera",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb.) M.Bieb."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophrys_scolopax"
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    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
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    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
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        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
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      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
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        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
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      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
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      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
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        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
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        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 1101,
    "n_annotated": 1107,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
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      1,
      52,
      414,
      512,
      115,
      7,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
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      1,
      52,
      418,
      513,
      116,
      7,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "share": [
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      null,
      1,
      0.9904,
      0.9981,
      0.9914,
      1,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
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      null,
      [
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        1
      ],
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        0.9963
      ],
      [
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        0.9997
      ],
      [
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        0.9985
      ],
      [
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        1
      ],
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 3,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tuberous geophyte",
    "climate": "subtropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 10.1,
      "median": 13.7,
      "p95": 17.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 350,
      "median": 565.9,
      "p95": 677.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 22.2,
      "median": 27.1,
      "p95": 30.9
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -1.4,
      "median": 2,
      "p95": 9.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 554.9,
      "median": 833.1,
      "p95": 1456.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 15.5,
      "median": 41.6,
      "p95": 74.3
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 17.2,
      "median": 99.4,
      "p95": 214.2
    },
    "n": 1929,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1929 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/ophrys-scolopax/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}