{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ononis-spinosa/",
  "last_modified": "2026-06-10",
  "id": {
    "slug": "ononis-spinosa",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000183372",
    "inat_taxon_id": 82730
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Ononis spinosa",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Ononis",
    "epithet": "spinosa",
    "family": "Fabaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 716 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.legumedata.org/taxonomy/taxon/2389429",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Spiny Restharrow",
      "english": [
        "Spiny Restharrow",
        "spiny restharrow"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Anonis spinosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Scop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bonaga antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Medik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bonaga spinosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Medik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum subsp. antiquorum",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum subsp. diacantha",
        "authorship": "(Sieber ex Rchb.) Greuter, Matthäs & Risse"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum subsp. maritima",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum subsp. pungens",
        "authorship": "(Pomel) Nègre"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum var. confusa",
        "authorship": "Burnat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum var. confusa",
        "authorship": "(Loret) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum var. glanduliferum",
        "authorship": "Halácsy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum var. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "Raulin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum var. hispanica",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum var. horrida",
        "authorship": "Murb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum var. lanata",
        "authorship": "Heldr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum var. pungens",
        "authorship": "(Pomel) Batt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis antiquorum var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Formánek) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis arvensis subsp. maritima",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis arvensis var. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis arvensis var. leiosperma",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Luzhanin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis arvensis var. repens",
        "authorship": "(L.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis austriaca",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis bernhardii",
        "authorship": "Vis."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis brachystachya",
        "authorship": "Vis."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis caduca",
        "authorship": "Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis campestris",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch & Ziz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis campestris var. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Gaut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis campestris var. confusa",
        "authorship": "Loret & Barrandon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis campestris var. confusa",
        "authorship": "Loret"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis campestris var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Nielsen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis campestris var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis carnea",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis confusa",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis decipiens",
        "authorship": "Azn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis diacantha",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis diacantha",
        "authorship": "Sieber ex Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis foetens",
        "authorship": "All."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis latifolia",
        "authorship": "(Neilr.) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis legitima",
        "authorship": "Delarbre"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis leiosperma",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis macracantha",
        "authorship": "Bernh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis macracantha",
        "authorship": "E.D.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis maritima",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis masquillierii",
        "authorship": "Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis miniana",
        "authorship": "Planellas"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis proccurens",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens",
        "authorship": "Wallr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens subsp. arvensis",
        "authorship": "(Gren. & Godr.) Corb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens subsp. maritima",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Corb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. alpina",
        "authorship": "Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. ambigua",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. arvensis",
        "authorship": "Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. fallax",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. maritima",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. mitis",
        "authorship": "Lange ex Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. planellae",
        "authorship": "Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. repens",
        "authorship": "(L.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. spinosissima",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis procurrens var. vera",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis pseudohircina",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis pseudorepens",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis pungens",
        "authorship": "Pomel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Formánek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens f. caespitosa",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens f. flagelliformis",
        "authorship": "A.F.Schwarz ex Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens f. horrida",
        "authorship": "(Lange) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens f. inermis",
        "authorship": "(Lange) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens f. spinosissima",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens f. subspinosa",
        "authorship": "(Rouy) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens f. tenella",
        "authorship": "Appel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Greuter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. australis",
        "authorship": "(Širj.) Devesa"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. austriaca",
        "authorship": "(Beck) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. caduca",
        "authorship": "(Vill.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. campestris",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch & Ziz) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. diacantha",
        "authorship": "(Sieber ex Rchb.) Greuter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. leiosperma",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Greuter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. maritima",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. masquillierii",
        "authorship": "(Bertol.) Greuter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens subsp. spinosa",
        "authorship": "Greuter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. anisotricha",
        "authorship": "(Briq.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. australis",
        "authorship": "Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. austriaca",
        "authorship": "(Beck) Greuter & Burdet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. brachystachya",
        "authorship": "(Vis.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. caduca",
        "authorship": "(Vill.) Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. fallax",
        "authorship": "Schinz & R.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. hispanica",
        "authorship": "(Lange) Devesa"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. horrida",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. inermis",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. inermis",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) Willk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. maritima",
        "authorship": "Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. miniana",
        "authorship": "(Planellas) Pau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. mitis",
        "authorship": "Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. pichleri",
        "authorship": "Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Grinţ."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. simplicifolia",
        "authorship": "Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. subspinosa",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis repens var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis senescens",
        "authorship": "Lapeyr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa f. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Wallr. ex Lej.) Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa f. densiflora",
        "authorship": "Freyn ex Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa f. flagelliformis",
        "authorship": "A.Mayer ex Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa f. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Neilr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa f. procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Cuatrec."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa f. pseudospinosa",
        "authorship": "Pamp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa f. simplex",
        "authorship": "Pamp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa f. umbrosa",
        "authorship": "Bubela"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa prol. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa subsp. caduca",
        "authorship": "(Vill.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa subsp. foetens",
        "authorship": "(All.) Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa subsp. legitima",
        "authorship": "(Delarbre) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa subsp. maritima",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. albiflora",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. albiflora",
        "authorship": "Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Wallr. ex Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. anisotricha",
        "authorship": "Burnat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. anisotricha",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Mérat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. confusa",
        "authorship": "(Loret & Barrandon) Burnat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. diacantha",
        "authorship": "(Sieber ex Rchb.) Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. eversii",
        "authorship": "Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. glabra",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. glandulifera",
        "authorship": "Halácsy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "(Raulin) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. hungarica",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. masquillierii",
        "authorship": "(Bertol.) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Nielsen) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Grint."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Burnat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Formánek) Halácsy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. repens",
        "authorship": "(L.) Verloove"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. tomentosa",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. umbrosa",
        "authorship": "Širj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. villosa",
        "authorship": "Knuth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis spinosa var. violacea",
        "authorship": "(Peterm.) Wohlf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis umbrosa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis violacea",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris f. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris prol. antiquorum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris prol. caduca",
        "authorship": "(Vill.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris prol. campestris",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch & Ziz) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris prol. procurrens",
        "authorship": "(Wallr.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris prol. repens",
        "authorship": "(L.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris var. confusa",
        "authorship": "(Loret) Burnat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris var. pungens",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ononis vulgaris var. transiens",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ononis_spinosa"
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        "attribution": "Santiago Martín-Bravo, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "attribution": "Andre Hosper, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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  },
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    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
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    "regions": [
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        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
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        "region": "Northern Africa"
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      {
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        "name": "Tunisia",
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        "region": "Northern Africa"
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      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
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        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Iran",
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        "name": "Iraq",
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      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
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      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
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        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
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        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 909,
    "n_annotated": 951,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      1,
      10,
      58,
      249,
      282,
      186,
      70,
      40,
      11,
      2
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      2,
      19,
      68,
      256,
      286,
      194,
      71,
      40,
      13,
      2
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.5263,
      0.8529,
      0.9727,
      0.986,
      0.9588,
      0.9859,
      1,
      0.8462,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.3171,
        0.7267
      ],
      [
        0.75,
        0.9181
      ],
      [
        0.9446,
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      ],
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        0.9646,
        0.9945
      ],
      [
        0.9208,
        0.979
      ],
      [
        0.9244,
        0.9975
      ],
      [
        0.9124,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.5776,
        0.9567
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 10,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "subshrub or shrub",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 7.4,
      "median": 10.3,
      "p95": 17
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 352.8,
      "median": 614.4,
      "p95": 768.9
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 17.8,
      "median": 23.2,
      "p95": 31.7
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -6.6,
      "median": -0.8,
      "p95": 6.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 534.7,
      "median": 770.6,
      "p95": 1525.5
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.2,
      "median": 26.8,
      "p95": 88.5
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 6.9,
      "median": 139.4,
      "p95": 276.8
    },
    "n": 1973,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1973 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/ononis-spinosa/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}