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  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "oldenlandia-corymbosa",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000254823",
    "inat_taxon_id": 133304
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Oldenlandia corymbosa",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Oldenlandia",
    "epithet": "corymbosa",
    "family": "Rubiaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 119 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:757791-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "flat-top mille graines",
      "english": [
        "flat-top mille graines"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Gerontogea biflora",
        "authorship": "Cham. & Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gerontogea corymbosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Cham. & Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gerontogea herbacea",
        "authorship": "Cham. & Schltdl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis alsinifolia",
        "authorship": "R.Br. ex Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis biflora",
        "authorship": "Hornem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis biflora var. corymbosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kurz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis biflora var. graminicola",
        "authorship": "(Kurz) Kurz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis burmanniana",
        "authorship": "R.Br. ex Wall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis corymbosa",
        "authorship": "(L.) Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis corymbosa var. ampla",
        "authorship": "Fosberg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis corymbosa var. caespitosa",
        "authorship": "(Benth.) R.Dutta & Deb"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis corymbosa var. linearis",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Deb & Ratna Dutta"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis corymbosa var. nana",
        "authorship": "(Bremek.) H.B.Naithani"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis corymbosa var. tereticaulis",
        "authorship": "W.C.Ko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis depressa",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis diantha",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis erecta",
        "authorship": "Manilal & Sivar."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis graminicola",
        "authorship": "Kurz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis intermedia",
        "authorship": "Wight & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis pseudocorymbosa",
        "authorship": "Bakh.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis pusilla",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis ramosa",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis scabrida",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hedyotis sperguloides",
        "authorship": "A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia alsinifolia",
        "authorship": "G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia biflora",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia burmanniana",
        "authorship": "G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia caespitosa",
        "authorship": "(Benth.) Hiern"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia caespitosa var. lanceolata",
        "authorship": "Bremek."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia caespitosa var. major",
        "authorship": "Bremek."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia caespitosa var. subpedunculata",
        "authorship": "(Kuntze) Bremek."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia capillaris",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia corymbosa var. subpedunculata",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia delicatula",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia depressa",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia erecta",
        "authorship": "(Manilal & Sivar.) R.R.Mill"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia graminicola",
        "authorship": "(Kurz) Deb & M.Gangop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia herbacea",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia herbacea var. caespitosa",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia linearis",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia linearis var. nana",
        "authorship": "Bremek."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia mollugoides",
        "authorship": "O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia praetermissa",
        "authorship": "Bremek."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia pseudocorymbosa",
        "authorship": "(Bakh.f.) Raizada"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia ramosa",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia scabrida",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia subtilis",
        "authorship": "S.Moore"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oldenlandia tenuissima",
        "authorship": "Hiern"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenlandia_corymbosa"
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      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OGA",
        "name": "Ogasawara-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LDV",
        "name": "Laccadive Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDV",
        "name": "Maldives",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 562,
    "n_annotated": 599,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      33,
      35,
      44,
      64,
      39,
      35,
      61,
      66,
      58,
      57,
      47,
      23
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      35,
      38,
      47,
      67,
      41,
      35,
      61,
      73,
      63,
      61,
      49,
      29
    ],
    "share": [
      0.9429,
      0.9211,
      0.9362,
      0.9552,
      0.9512,
      1,
      1,
      0.9041,
      0.9206,
      0.9344,
      0.9592,
      0.7931
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.8139,
        0.9842
      ],
      [
        0.792,
        0.9728
      ],
      [
        0.8284,
        0.9781
      ],
      [
        0.8764,
        0.9847
      ],
      [
        0.8386,
        0.9865
      ],
      [
        0.9011,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.9408,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.815,
        0.9528
      ],
      [
        0.8273,
        0.9656
      ],
      [
        0.8432,
        0.9742
      ],
      [
        0.8629,
        0.9887
      ],
      [
        0.6161,
        0.9015
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 6,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 248,
      "by_month": [
        18,
        10,
        25,
        25,
        15,
        16,
        26,
        31,
        24,
        24,
        24,
        10
      ],
      "share": [
        0.5143,
        0.2632,
        0.5319,
        0.3731,
        0.3659,
        0.4571,
        0.4262,
        0.4247,
        0.381,
        0.3934,
        0.4898,
        0.3448
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.3557,
          0.6701
        ],
        [
          0.1497,
          0.4201
        ],
        [
          0.3923,
          0.6667
        ],
        [
          0.2672,
          0.4928
        ],
        [
          0.2359,
          0.5188
        ],
        [
          0.3047,
          0.6181
        ],
        [
          0.3102,
          0.551
        ],
        [
          0.3178,
          0.539
        ],
        [
          0.2712,
          0.5044
        ],
        [
          0.2807,
          0.5188
        ],
        [
          0.3557,
          0.6253
        ],
        [
          0.1994,
          0.5266
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 3
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "scrambling annual or subshrub",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 19.7,
      "median": 23.3,
      "p95": 27.3
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 53.8,
      "median": 390.8,
      "p95": 592.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 27.5,
      "median": 30.3,
      "p95": 34.4
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 7.5,
      "median": 13.6,
      "p95": 23.7
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 970.4,
      "median": 1976.3,
      "p95": 3542.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 21,
      "median": 73.7,
      "p95": 100
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 32,
      "median": 120.3,
      "p95": 544.6
    },
    "n": 2063,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2063 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/oldenlandia-corymbosa/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}