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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/nephrolepis-biserrata/",
  "last_modified": "2025-03-19",
  "id": {
    "slug": "nephrolepis-biserrata",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001107369",
    "inat_taxon_id": 165682
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Nephrolepis biserrata",
    "authorship": "(Sw.) Schott",
    "genus": "Nephrolepis",
    "epithet": "biserrata",
    "family": "Nephrolepidaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Gen. Fil. [Schott] ad t.3 (1834)",
    "protologue_url": "https://pteridogroup.github.io/",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "giant swordfern",
      "english": [
        "giant swordfern"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Aspidium acuminatum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium acutum",
        "authorship": "Schkuhr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium articulatum",
        "authorship": "Sieber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium bidentatum",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium biserratum",
        "authorship": "Sw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium biserratum var. paraense",
        "authorship": "Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium ensifolium",
        "authorship": "Schkuhr"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium exaltatum var. longipinna",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium gibbosum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium guineense",
        "authorship": "Schumach."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium hoffmannseggii",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium hoffmenseggii",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium mauritianum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium nigropunctatum",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium paludosum",
        "authorship": "Raddi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium paraense",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium punctulatum",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Sw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium rufescens",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Kunze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Aspidium splendens",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hypopeltis amygdalina",
        "authorship": "Bory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hypopeltis biserrata",
        "authorship": "(Sw.) Bory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hypopeltis palmoides",
        "authorship": "Bory"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lastrea bidentata",
        "authorship": "T.Moore"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lepidoneuron acuminatum",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lepidoneuron biauritum",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lepidoneuron bidentatum",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lepidoneuron biserratum",
        "authorship": "(Sw.) Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lepidoneuron punctulatum",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lepidoneuron rufescens",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Fée"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium acuminatum",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium acutum",
        "authorship": "(Schkuhr) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium bidentatum",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium biserratum",
        "authorship": "(Sw.) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium biserratum",
        "authorship": "(Sw.) Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium gibbosum",
        "authorship": "Gaudich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium guianense",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium hoffmanseggii",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium mauritianum",
        "authorship": "(Desv.) Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium palmoides",
        "authorship": "Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium punctulatum",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium punctulatum",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium rufescens",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium splendens",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium splendens",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrodium timoriense",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis acuminata",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis acuta",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis acuta var. laurifolia",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis arthropteroides",
        "authorship": "G.Kunkel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biaurita",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis bidentata",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata subsp. punctulata",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Bonap."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata var. auriculata",
        "authorship": "Ching"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata var. biserrata",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata var. digitiformis",
        "authorship": "G.Kunkel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata var. glandulosa",
        "authorship": "Kuhn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata var. mauritiana",
        "authorship": "(Desv.) Kuhn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata var. rufescens",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Luetzelb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata var. subferruginea",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis biserrata var. subintegrifolia",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis caudata",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis dayakorum",
        "authorship": "Bonap."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis depauperata",
        "authorship": "de Vriese"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis ensifolia",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis exaltata var. biserrata",
        "authorship": "(Sw.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis gibbosa",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis hirsutula var. acuta",
        "authorship": "(Schkuhr) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis hirsutula var. biserrata",
        "authorship": "(Sw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis hirsutula var. ensifolia",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis hirsutula var. rufescens",
        "authorship": "(Wawra) Bonap."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis laurifolia",
        "authorship": "(Christ) Proctor"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis macrophylla",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis mauritiana",
        "authorship": "T.Moore"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis mollis",
        "authorship": "Rosenst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis paludosa",
        "authorship": "Sehnem"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis paraensis",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis persicifolia",
        "authorship": "Christ"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis pilosula",
        "authorship": "Alderw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis platyotis",
        "authorship": "Kunze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis punctulata",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis punctulata var. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "Mett."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis punctulata var. rufescens",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Kunze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis rufescens",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Wawra"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis splendens",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis subcordata",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nephrolepis zollingeriana",
        "authorship": "de Vriese"
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium flagelliferum",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium glabrum",
        "authorship": "Burm.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium integerrimum",
        "authorship": "Noronha"
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium integerrimum",
        "authorship": "Vell."
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      {
        "name": "Polypodium nephrolepioides",
        "authorship": "Christ"
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      {
        "name": "Polypodium palmoides",
        "authorship": "Bory"
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      {
        "name": "Polypodium punctulatum",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Polypodium punctulatum var. hirsutum",
        "authorship": "Mett."
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      {
        "name": "Polypodium serratum",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
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      {
        "name": "Polypodium signatum",
        "authorship": "(Blanco) Blanco"
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      {
        "name": "Polystichum acutum",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
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        "name": "Pteris piloselloides",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
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      {
        "name": "Pteris signata",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
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      {
        "name": "Tectaria fraxinea",
        "authorship": "Cav."
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      "NWG",
      "NCB",
      "PHI",
      "SOL",
      "SCS",
      "SRL",
      "SUL",
      "SUM",
      "THA",
      "VIE",
      "NTA",
      "QLD",
      "WAU",
      "FLA",
      "LOU",
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXT",
      "MXS",
      "CRL",
      "COO",
      "FIJ",
      "MRN",
      "MRQ",
      "MRS",
      "NWC",
      "NUE",
      "PIT",
      "SAM",
      "SCI",
      "TON",
      "TUA",
      "TUB",
      "VAN",
      "AGE",
      "BOL",
      "BZN",
      "BZE",
      "BZS",
      "BZL",
      "BZC",
      "CAY",
      "CPI",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "CUB",
      "DOM",
      "ECU",
      "ELS",
      "FRG",
      "GAL",
      "GUA",
      "GUY",
      "HON",
      "JAM",
      "LEE",
      "NLA",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PER",
      "PUE",
      "SUR",
      "VEN",
      "VNA",
      "WIN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EQG",
        "name": "Equatorial Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BIS",
        "name": "Bismarck Archipelago",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "XMS",
        "name": "Christmas I.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "FLA",
        "name": "Florida",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LOU",
        "name": "Louisiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "COO",
        "name": "Cook Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRS",
        "name": "Marshall Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWC",
        "name": "New Caledonia",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUE",
        "name": "Niue",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "PIT",
        "name": "Pitcairn Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCI",
        "name": "Society Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TON",
        "name": "Tonga",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUA",
        "name": "Tuamotu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUB",
        "name": "Tubuai Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZC",
        "name": "Brazil West-Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAY",
        "name": "Cayman Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPI",
        "name": "Central American Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAL",
        "name": "Galápagos",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NLA",
        "name": "Netherlands Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial or epiphyte",
    "climate": "wet tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 20.6,
      "median": 22.6,
      "p95": 26.6
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 57,
      "median": 411.6,
      "p95": 482.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 26.5,
      "median": 29.6,
      "p95": 31.2
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 10.4,
      "median": 13.8,
      "p95": 23.1
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 1323.8,
      "median": 3097.6,
      "p95": 4705
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 24.9,
      "median": 40.3,
      "p95": 89.7
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 100.1,
      "median": 497.9,
      "p95": 799
    },
    "n": 1523,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1523 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/nephrolepis-biserrata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}