{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/narcissus-tazetta/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "narcissus-tazetta",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000700066",
    "inat_taxon_id": 56027
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Narcissus tazetta",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Narcissus",
    "epithet": "tazetta",
    "family": "Amaryllidaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 290 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "cream narcissus",
      "english": [
        "cream narcissus"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Calathinus multiflorus",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chione italica",
        "authorship": "(Ker Gawl.) Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione ambigena",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione amoena",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione antipolensis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione aperticorona",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione aurantiicorona",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione aurea",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione biancae",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione breviflora",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione brevistyla",
        "authorship": "Herb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione callichroa",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione calliopsis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione cerina",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione cheiranthea",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione chlorotica",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione chrysantha",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione citrina",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione contorta",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione corrugata",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione crenularis",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione crenulata",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione crispicorona",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione cupularis",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione cypri",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione debilis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione decora",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione deflexicaulis",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione discolor",
        "authorship": "Jurd. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione discreta",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione erodora",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione fistulosa",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione flaveola",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione flexiflora",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione floribunda",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione floslactis",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione formosa",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione formosissima",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione fulgida",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione ganymedoides",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione grandicrenata",
        "authorship": "Bianca ex Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione grandiflora",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione hololeuca",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione insolita",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione intermedia",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione italica",
        "authorship": "Herb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione italica",
        "authorship": "(Ker Gawl.) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione italica var. plena",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione italica var. semiplena",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione italica var. tenuiflora",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione jucunda",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione lacticolor",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione latifolia",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione leucojifolia",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione littoralis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione lobata",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione luna",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione lutea",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione luteola",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione mediterranea",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione modesta",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione monspeliensis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione multiflora",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione multiflora var. aurantia",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione multiflora var. aurea",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione neapolitana",
        "authorship": "M.Roem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione neglecta",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione nobilis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione ochroleuca",
        "authorship": "M.Roem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione pallida",
        "authorship": "M.Roem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione patula",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione perlutea",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione polyantha",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione praecox",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione pratensis",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione sequentis",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione sertulosa",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione sexlobata",
        "authorship": "M.Roem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione solaris",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione splendens",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione stellaris",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione straminea",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione stylosa",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione subalbida",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione subcrenata",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione sublutea",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione sulcicaulis",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione sulphurea",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione syracusana",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione taxetta",
        "authorship": "(L.) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione tazetta var. algerica",
        "authorship": "M.Roem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione tenuiflora",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione tereticaulis",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione trewiana",
        "authorship": "Sweet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione trifida",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione tubulosa",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione unicolor",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione venusta",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione virginea",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hermione xanthea",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Jonquilla tasetta",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus algirus",
        "authorship": "Pomel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus algirus var. discolor",
        "authorship": "(Batt.) Chabert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus algirus var. eminens",
        "authorship": "Chabert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus aschersonii",
        "authorship": "Bolle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus aurantiicoronus",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus aureus",
        "authorship": "Loisel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus aureus var. cupularis",
        "authorship": "(Salisb.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus biancae",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus bicchianus",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus bicrenatus",
        "authorship": "hort. ex G.Nicholson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus bifrons",
        "authorship": "Ker Gawl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus biscrenatus",
        "authorship": "Haw. ex Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus breviflorus",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus bysantinus",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus byzantinus",
        "authorship": "Turra ex Sacc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus canaliculatus",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus canariensis",
        "authorship": "Burb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus caucasicus",
        "authorship": "(Fomin) Gorschkova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus cerinus",
        "authorship": "Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus chrysanthus",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus citrinus",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus citrinus",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus commutatus",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus constantinopolitanus",
        "authorship": "hort. ex Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus crenulatus",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus crispicoronus",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus cupularis",
        "authorship": "Puccin. ex Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus cypri",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus decorus",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus deflexicaulis",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus elatus",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus etruscus",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus fistulosus",
        "authorship": "Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus flaveolus",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus flexiflorus",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus floribundus",
        "authorship": "Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus flos-lactis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus ganymedoides",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus grandicrenatus",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus gussonei",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus italicus",
        "authorship": "Ker Gawl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus italicus subsp. chrysanthus",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus italicus var. subalbidus",
        "authorship": "(Loisel.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus lacticolor",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus lacticolor var. caucasicus",
        "authorship": "Fomin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus lanzae",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus latifolius",
        "authorship": "Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus leucojifolius",
        "authorship": "Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. aureus",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. ganymedoides",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. gussonei",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. italicus",
        "authorship": "(Ker Gawl.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. ochroleucus",
        "authorship": "(Loisel.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. pseuditalicus",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. redoutei",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. remopolensis",
        "authorship": "(Panizzi) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. subalbidus",
        "authorship": "(Loisel.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus var. antipolensis",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus var. chloroticus",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus var. minor",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus var. pratensis",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus var. robustus",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus linnaeanus var. xantheus",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus multiflorus",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus neglectus",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus neglectus subsp. biancae",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus neglectus subsp. bicchianus",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus neglectus subsp. grandicrenatus",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus neglectus subsp. spiralis",
        "authorship": "Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus neglectus var. commutatus",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus obliquus",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus ochroleucus",
        "authorship": "Loisel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus orientalis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus papyraceus var. sequentis",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus patulus",
        "authorship": "Loisel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus patulus subsp. etruscus",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus patulus subsp. ricasolianus",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus patulus subsp. siculus",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus patulus subsp. vergellensis",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus patulus var. timbalii",
        "authorship": "(Gaut. ex Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus patulus var. tinei",
        "authorship": "(Tod. ex Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus perluteus",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus praecox",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus primulinus var. bifrons",
        "authorship": "(Ker Gawl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus pseuditalicus",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus puccinellii",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus redoutei",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus ricasolianus",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus sardous",
        "authorship": "Martelli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus sexlobatus",
        "authorship": "Haw. ex Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus siculus",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus solaris",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus spathulatus",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus spiralis",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus stellatus",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus stramineus",
        "authorship": "Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus subalbidus",
        "authorship": "Loisel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus syriacus",
        "authorship": "Boiss. & Gaill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta f. primulinus",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. bertolonii",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. canaliculatus",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. corcyrensis",
        "authorship": "(Herb.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. cupularis",
        "authorship": "(Salisb.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. cypri",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Holmboe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. eutazetta",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. gussonei",
        "authorship": "(Rouy) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. lacticolor",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. ochroleucus",
        "authorship": "(Loisel.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. patulus",
        "authorship": "(Loisel.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta subsp. remopolensis",
        "authorship": "(Panizzi) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. algericus",
        "authorship": "(M.Roem.) Maire & Weiller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. algirus",
        "authorship": "(Pomel) Batt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. aureus",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. canariensis",
        "authorship": "(Burb.) Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis",
        "authorship": "M.Roem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. chrysanthus",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. cypri",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. discolor",
        "authorship": "Batt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. italicus",
        "authorship": "(Ker Gawl.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. lacticolor",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. mediterraneus",
        "authorship": "(Jord. & Fourr.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. ochroleucus",
        "authorship": "(Loisel.) Baker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. orientalis",
        "authorship": "(L.) hort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. pancratiformis",
        "authorship": "Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. pleniflorus",
        "authorship": "Traub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. primulinus",
        "authorship": "(Maire) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. suisen",
        "authorship": "Sieb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. syriacus",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Gaill.) Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazetta var. varians",
        "authorship": "(Guss. ex Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tazettus",
        "authorship": "St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tenorei",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tenorei subsp. aschersonii",
        "authorship": "(Bolle) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tenuiflorus",
        "authorship": "Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus timbali",
        "authorship": "Gaut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tinei",
        "authorship": "Tod. ex Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus tinei",
        "authorship": "Tod. ex Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus trewianus",
        "authorship": "Ker Gawl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus varians",
        "authorship": "Guss. ex Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Narcissus vergellensis",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pancratium tazetta",
        "authorship": "Sessé & Moc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Patrocles orientalis",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Queltia orientalis",
        "authorship": "Herb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Schisanthes orientalis",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tityrus bifrons",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tityrus primulaceus",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_tazetta"
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    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1983 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/narcissus-tazetta/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}