Microsorum scolopendria(Burm.f.) Copel.

monarch fern

WFO wfo-0001107365 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA

Plate 1 figs. a–h · 8 separate observations

Microsorum scolopendria, photographed by Dana Lee Ling
fig. a Dana Lee Ling, CC0 1.0 / 2022-06-11 / obs. 205064127

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Native range 81 botanical countries

Regions where Microsorum scolopendria is native: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Central African Republic, Comoros, DR Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gulf of Guinea Is., Ivory Coast, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Liberia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Réunion, Rodrigues, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sudan-South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zimbabwe, China Southeast, Hainan, Kazan-retto, Nansei-shoto, Taiwan, Andaman Is., Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, Christmas I., India, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Nicobar Is., Philippines, Solomon Is., South China Sea, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Thailand, Vietnam, Queensland, Caroline Is., Cook Is., Easter Is., Fiji, Gilbert Is., Howland-Baker Is., Line Is., Marianas, Marshall Is., Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Pitcairn Is., Samoa, Santa Cruz Is., Society Is., Tonga, Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Tuvalu, Vanuatu AngolaBeninCameroonCape ProvincesCentral African RepublicDR CongoEquatorial GuineaEthiopiaGabonGhanaGuineaGulf of Guinea Is.Ivory CoastKenyaKwaZulu-NatalLiberiaMadagascarMozambiqueNigeriaNorthern ProvincesRwandaSenegalSierra LeoneSudan-South SudanTanzaniaTogoUgandaZimbabweChina SoutheastHainanTaiwanBismarck ArchipelagoBorneoCambodiaIndiaJawaLesser Sunda Is.MalayaMalukuMyanmarNew GuineaPhilippinesSolomon Is.Sri LankaSulawesiSumateraThailandVietnamQueenslandFijiNew Caledonia ComorosMauritiusRéunionRodriguesSeychellesNansei-shotoAndaman Is.Christmas I.Nicobar Is.South China SeaCaroline Is.Cook Is.Howland-Baker Is.Line Is.MarianasMarshall Is.NauruNiuePitcairn Is.SamoaSociety Is.TongaTuamotuTubuai Is.TuvaluVanuatu
Native distribution of Microsorum scolopendria, after Kew’s World Checklist of Vascular Plants. Introduced, extinct and doubtful records are excluded, so this is where the plant is from, not everywhere it now grows. Regions too small to draw at this scale are marked with a dot.
RegionTDWG codeContinent
Angola ANG AFRICA
Benin BEN
Cameroon CMN
Cape Provinces CPP
Central African Republic CAF
Comoros COM
DR Congo ZAI
Equatorial Guinea EQG
Ethiopia ETH
Gabon GAB
Ghana GHA
Guinea GUI
Gulf of Guinea Is. GGI
Ivory Coast IVO
Kenya KEN
KwaZulu-Natal NAT
Liberia LBR
Madagascar MDG
Mauritius MAU
Mozambique MOZ
Nigeria NGA
Northern Provinces TVL
Réunion REU
Rodrigues ROD
Rwanda RWA
Senegal SEN
Seychelles SEY
Sierra Leone SIE
Sudan-South Sudan SUD
Tanzania TAN
Togo TOG
Uganda UGA
Zimbabwe ZIM
Andaman Is. AND ASIA-TROPICAL
Bismarck Archipelago BIS
Borneo BOR
Cambodia CBD
Christmas I. XMS
India IND
Jawa JAW
Lesser Sunda Is. LSI
Malaya MLY
Maluku MOL
Myanmar MYA
New Guinea NWG
Nicobar Is. NCB
Philippines PHI
Solomon Is. SOL
South China Sea SCS
Sri Lanka SRL
Sulawesi SUL
Sumatera SUM
Thailand THA
Vietnam VIE
Caroline Is. CRL PACIFIC
Cook Is. COO
Easter Is. EAS
Fiji FIJ
Gilbert Is. GIL
Howland-Baker Is. HBI
Line Is. LIN
Marianas MRN
Marshall Is. MRS
Nauru NRU
New Caledonia NWC
Niue NUE
Pitcairn Is. PIT
Samoa SAM
Santa Cruz Is. SCZ
Society Is. SCI
Tonga TON
Tuamotu TUA
Tubuai Is. TUB
Tuvalu TUV
Vanuatu VAN
China Southeast CHS ASIA-TEMPERATE
Hainan CHH
Kazan-retto KZN
Nansei-shoto NNS
Taiwan TAI
Queensland QLD AUSTRALASIA

Not drawn on the map: Kazan-retto, Easter Is., Gilbert Is., Santa Cruz Is.. We hold no public-domain boundary for these regions, so they are listed rather than guessed at.

Region boundaries approximated from Natural Earth (public domain) and mapped to TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) level-3 botanical countries (Brummitt 2001). Indicative, not the official WGSRPD geometry.

Where it actually grows measured, from 1,315 observations

Condition 5th percentile Median 95th percentile
Coldest month, mean daily low 11.9 °C 17.3 °C 25.0 °C
Warmest month, mean daily high 25.4 °C 27.9 °C 30.8 °C
Annual rainfall 959 mm 2,230 mm 4,147 mm
Rainfall in the driest quarter 65 mm 162 mm 648 mm

It is not found anywhere that gets close to freezing. This is not care advice and it is not a forecast. It is a measurement: we sampled the climate at every one of the 1,315 research-grade observations of Microsorum scolopendria that carry a coordinate, and this is the range those places actually span. The 5th and 95th percentiles are used rather than the minimum and maximum, because a single cultivated specimen in a heated conservatory should not widen a tropical plant's range to the Arctic.

This is not a hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual extreme minimum temperature. The figure above is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and is typically far warmer. Reading one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a hardiness zone, because we do not have one.

Also published as 34 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Acrostichum obtusifolium Willd.
  • Chrysopteris longipes Link
  • Chrysopteris peltidea Link
  • Chrysopteris phymatodes Link
  • Chrysopteris terminalis Link
  • Drynaria longipes J.Sm.
  • Drynaria phymatodes Fée
  • Drynaria vulgaris J.Sm.
  • Microsorum alternifolium (Willd.) Copel.
  • Phymatodes banerjiana S.Pal & N.Pal
  • Phymatodes longipes J.Sm.
  • Phymatodes peltidea J.Sm.
  • Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm.f.) Ching
  • Phymatodes terminalis J.Sm.
  • Phymatodes vulgaris C.Presl
  • Phymatosorus banerjianus (Pal & Pal) Pic.Serm.
  • Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.f.) Pic.Serm.
  • Pleopeltis phymatodes (L.) T.Moore
  • Pleopeltis phymatodes (L.) Bedd.
  • Pleopeltis schneideri Alderw.
  • Polypodium alternifolium (Willd.) Link
  • Polypodium alternifolium Willd.
  • Polypodium fuentesii Hicken
  • Polypodium immersum Vahl

and 10 more.

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  3. USDA PLANTS Database. common name, checklist symbol PHSC14. public domain. Retrieved 2026-07-13.
  4. Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16). native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form. CC BY 3.0. Retrieved 2026-06-04.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.