{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/mentha-aquatica/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "mentha-aquatica",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000240328",
    "inat_taxon_id": 77990
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Mentha aquatica",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Mentha",
    "epithet": "aquatica",
    "family": "Lamiaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 576 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:450192-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Water Mint",
      "english": [
        "Water Mint",
        "water mint"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Marrubium aquaticum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Uspenski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha acuta",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha acutata",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha adspersa",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha affinis",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. ambigua",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. aquatica",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. aradensis",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. brachiata",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. cana",
        "authorship": "J.Fraser"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. caput-medusae",
        "authorship": "(Trautm. & Urum.) Stoj., Stef. & Kitan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. citrata",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Fresen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. citriodora",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. cuneiformis",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. dubia",
        "authorship": "(Chaix ex Vill.) Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. elegans",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. elongata",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. glabrescens",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. gnaphalifrons",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. hirta",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. icmadogena",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. illensis",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. lasiotricha",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. latiovalis",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. limosa",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. lloydii",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. lobeliana",
        "authorship": "(Becker) Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. luxurians",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. macrocephalota",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. maculosa",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. maxima",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. medaquensis",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. minor",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. obscura",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. opaca",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. paniculata",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. pedunculata",
        "authorship": "(Pers.) Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. perlata",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. plicata",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. pontica",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. pseudopiperita",
        "authorship": "(Tausch ex Heinr.Braun) Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(Host) Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. pusilla",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. riparia",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. rubescens",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. schlinseana",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. serratula",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. silesiaca",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. slavonica",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. solida",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. stoderiana",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. subcordata",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. subhirsuta",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. subriparia",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. subsessilifolia",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. tiroliensis",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. trichophylla",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. uberrima",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. udicola",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. valdelata",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica f. virgata",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subsp. bakeri",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subsp. capitata",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subsp. caput-medusae",
        "authorship": "Trautm. & Urum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subsp. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subsp. lanigera",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subsp. litoralis",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subsp. lloydii",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subsp. ortmanniana",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Lemke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subvar. erronema",
        "authorship": "(Topitz) Gams"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subvar. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica subvar. pluriglobula",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica unranked divaricata",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica unranked simpliciuscula",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. acutifolia",
        "authorship": "Cusin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. aequalifolia",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. affinis",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. agenensis",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. arguta",
        "authorship": "Lej. ex Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. attenuata",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. barbigera",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. bicknellii",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. briquetiana",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. calaminthifolia",
        "authorship": "Vis."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. capitata",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. carolovicensis",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. caudata",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. chaixii",
        "authorship": "Timb.-Lagr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. cheitessa",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. citrata",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. clinopodiiflora",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. clinopodiifolia",
        "authorship": "Pančić"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. cordata",
        "authorship": "Prodan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. crenatodentata",
        "authorship": "(Strail) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. denticulata",
        "authorship": "(Strail) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. dubia",
        "authorship": "(Chaix ex Vill.) Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. duriuscula",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. ellipticifolia",
        "authorship": "Loret"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. elongata",
        "authorship": "(Pérard) Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. eriantha",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. eriomastix",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. erromena",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. glabrata",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. grandidentata",
        "authorship": "(Strail) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. grandifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "(Huds.) Huds."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. hypeuria",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. incana",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. incisoserrata",
        "authorship": "(Strail) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. intricata",
        "authorship": "Menezes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "(Becker) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. leptocephala",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. limnetes",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. limnobia",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. litoralis",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Westerl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. lloydii",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Gren."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. lobeliana",
        "authorship": "(Becker) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. longipedunculata",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. lupulina",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. major",
        "authorship": "Sole"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. major-denticulata",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. metabola",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. microcephala",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. minor",
        "authorship": "Sole"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. monocephala",
        "authorship": "Wirtg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. nemorosa",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. nemorosa",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. nicaeensis",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. oblongifolia",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. odorata",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. ortmanniana",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. ortmanniana-major",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "Timb.-Lagr. ex Malinv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. ovalifolia",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. parviflora",
        "authorship": "Wirtg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. pauciflora",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. pedunculata",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. pipericeps",
        "authorship": "Alef."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. plerotricha",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. pluridentata",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. polyanthetica",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. pseudopiperita",
        "authorship": "Tausch ex Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. psilophylla",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "(Host) T.Durand"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. pusilla",
        "authorship": "(Pérard) T.Durand"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "Delastre"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. pyrifolia",
        "authorship": "(Heinr.Braun) Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. rauscheri",
        "authorship": "(Topitz) Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. riparia",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. simplex",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. stagnalis",
        "authorship": "(Topitz) Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. stenomacra",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. stricta",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. suavifolia",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. subdentata",
        "authorship": "Jancic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. subintegrifolia",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. submersa",
        "authorship": "Glück"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. subsativa",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. subspicata",
        "authorship": "(Weihe ex Fresen.) Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. subthermalis",
        "authorship": "(Trautm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. tomentosa",
        "authorship": "Sole"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. turrita",
        "authorship": "Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. umbrosa",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Heinr.Braun ex Jancic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. verticicola",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. verticillata",
        "authorship": "Wirtg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aquatica var. weiheana",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Fiori & Paol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aromatica",
        "authorship": "Opiz ex Déségl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha arvensis var. sativa",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha augusta",
        "authorship": "Opiz ex Déségl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha auneticensis",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha aurita",
        "authorship": "Weihe ex Fresen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha avellini",
        "authorship": "Tod. ex Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha avellini",
        "authorship": "Tod. ex Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha brachiata",
        "authorship": "Weihe ex Fresen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha bugulifolia",
        "authorship": "Weihe ex Fresen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha calaminthifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vis.) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha capitata",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha cetica",
        "authorship": "Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha chaixii",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha citrata",
        "authorship": "Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha cordata",
        "authorship": "Jan ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha crenato-dentata",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha denticulata",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha deseglisei",
        "authorship": "Malinv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha dubia",
        "authorship": "Chaix ex Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha dumetorum subvar. deseglisei",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha dunensis",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha duriuscula",
        "authorship": "(Haw. ex Spach) Trautm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha duriuscula",
        "authorship": "Haw. ex Spach"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha elongata",
        "authorship": "(Pérard) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha eriantha",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha glabra",
        "authorship": "Colla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha glomerata",
        "authorship": "Stokes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha glomerata var. aurantiaca",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha glomerata var. exigua",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha glomerata var. glabra",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha glomerata var. paludosa",
        "authorship": "(Sole) Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha glomerata var. palustris",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha grandidentata",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta",
        "authorship": "Huds."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. allioniana",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. aquatica",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. aquatica",
        "authorship": "(L.) Mérat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. denticulata",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. dubia",
        "authorship": "(Chaix ex Vill.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Becker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. legitima",
        "authorship": "Becker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. limosa",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. lobeliana",
        "authorship": "Becker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. origanoides",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. purpurea",
        "authorship": "Host ex Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. riparia",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Becker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. spicata",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. subspicata",
        "authorship": "Becker"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirsuta var. verticillata",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hirta",
        "authorship": "Caldas"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hybrida",
        "authorship": "Aresch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hygrophila",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha hystrix",
        "authorship": "Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha inciso-serrata",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha intermedia",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha intricata",
        "authorship": "Debeaux"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha late-ovata",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha latifolia",
        "authorship": "Nolte ex Hornem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha limicola",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha limnetes",
        "authorship": "(Topitz) Trautm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha limosa",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha litoralis",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha littoralis",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha lloydii",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha lloydii var. opaca",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha lobeliana",
        "authorship": "(Becker) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha macrocephala",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha macrophylla",
        "authorship": "Waisb. ex Trautm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha microcephala",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha nederheimensis",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha nepetifolia",
        "authorship": "Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha nigrescens",
        "authorship": "Weihe ex Fresen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha obliqua",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha obtuseserrata",
        "authorship": "Opiz ex Malinv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha obtusifolia",
        "authorship": "Opiz ex Déségl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha odorata",
        "authorship": "Sole"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha origanoides",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha origanoides",
        "authorship": "Lej. ex Fingerh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha ortmanniana",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha ortmanniana var. minoriflora",
        "authorship": "Borbás ex Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha paludosa",
        "authorship": "Sole"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha palustris",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha pedunculata",
        "authorship": "(Pers.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha piperita subsp. citrata",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha piperita var. citrata",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh.) Fresen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha pireana",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha polyanthetica",
        "authorship": "(Topitz) Trautm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha probabilis",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha purpurea",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha pyrifolia",
        "authorship": "Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha pyrifolia",
        "authorship": "A.Kern."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha ramosissima",
        "authorship": "Strail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha ranina",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha rauscheri",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha riparia",
        "authorship": "Schreb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha riparia",
        "authorship": "Lej. ex Malinv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha riparia var. acuta",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha riparia var. angustata",
        "authorship": "Opiz ex Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha riparia var. umbraticola",
        "authorship": "Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha riparia var. umbrosa",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha rudaeana",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha rudaeana var. ranina",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha sativa",
        "authorship": "Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha sativa subsp. paludosa",
        "authorship": "(Sole) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha sativa var. palustris",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Nyman"
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      {
        "name": "Mentha scordiastrum var. auneticensis",
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      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha soleana",
        "authorship": "Strail"
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      {
        "name": "Mentha stagnalis",
        "authorship": "Topitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha stolonifera",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha suavis var. avellinii",
        "authorship": "(Tod. ex Bertol.) Nyman"
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      {
        "name": "Mentha subspicata",
        "authorship": "Weihe ex Fresen."
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      {
        "name": "Mentha subspicata f. bracteosa",
        "authorship": "Pérard"
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      {
        "name": "Mentha subspicata f. hirsuta",
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      {
        "name": "Mentha subthermalis",
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      {
        "name": "Mentha tinantiana",
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      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha trojana",
        "authorship": "Heinr.Braun"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha umbrosa",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha urticifolia",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha verticillata var. paludosa",
        "authorship": "(Sole) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha verticillata var. riparia",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Rouy"
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      {
        "name": "Mentha verticillata var. subspicata",
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      {
        "name": "Mentha viennensis",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mentha weiheana",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
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      {
        "name": "Mentha weissenburgensis",
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      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDR",
        "name": "Madeira",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FOR",
        "name": "Føroyar",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 753,
    "n_annotated": 858,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      3,
      8,
      10,
      8,
      2,
      3,
      89,
      368,
      206,
      51,
      4,
      1
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      4,
      8,
      18,
      33,
      26,
      19,
      98,
      371,
      211,
      64,
      5,
      1
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      1,
      0.5556,
      0.2424,
      0.0769,
      0.1579,
      0.9082,
      0.9919,
      0.9763,
      0.7969,
      0.8,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      [
        0.6756,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.3372,
        0.7544
      ],
      [
        0.1283,
        0.4102
      ],
      [
        0.0214,
        0.2414
      ],
      [
        0.0552,
        0.3757
      ],
      [
        0.8346,
        0.9509
      ],
      [
        0.9765,
        0.9972
      ],
      [
        0.9457,
        0.9898
      ],
      [
        0.6829,
        0.8773
      ],
      [
        0.3755,
        0.9638
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 2,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 34,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        10,
        9,
        14,
        1,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0.027,
        0.0427,
        0.2188,
        0.2,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.3244
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1759
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1043
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1287
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.1682
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.0377
        ],
        [
          0.0147,
          0.0489
        ],
        [
          0.0226,
          0.0791
        ],
        [
          0.135,
          0.3343
        ],
        [
          0.0362,
          0.6245
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 10
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 8.1,
      "median": 10.3,
      "p95": 15
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 332,
      "median": 464,
      "p95": 796.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 17.6,
      "median": 21.3,
      "p95": 27.7
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -5.8,
      "median": 1.3,
      "p95": 5.9
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 572.3,
      "median": 834.5,
      "p95": 1524.4
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 11.2,
      "median": 20.4,
      "p95": 45.1
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 90.1,
      "median": 155.5,
      "p95": 270
    },
    "n": 1936,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1936 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/mentha-aquatica/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}