Plate 1 figs. a–h · 7 observations
This species has been photographed under an open licence only 7 times, so some figures below are different views of the same plant, taken on the same day, rather than different individuals. They are usually different parts of it: the leaf, the flower, the bark.
Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.
The specimen a real sheet, in a real collection
- Herbarium
- The New York Botanical Garden
- Accession
- 596072
- Filed as
- Mannia fragrans (Balb.) Frye & L.Clark
- Det. by
- not recorded on this sheet
- Collected
- R. L. McGregor 1963-07-13
- Origin
- MX
- The sheet
- View the digitised specimen (CC BY 4.0)
A real pressed plant, in a real collection, under the accession number above. Not an illustration of one. The holding institution does not serve this sheet’s image to third parties, so there is no photograph here. The record is real and the link goes to it. Where we hold no openly licensed sheet for a species this section is simply absent, and where a sheet never recorded who determined it, that field stays empty rather than being filled in. Roughly half of all herbarium sheets never recorded a determiner, which is ordinary.
Where it actually grows measured, from 199 observations
| Condition | 5th percentile | Median | 95th percentile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coldest month, mean daily low | -13.9 °C | -8.2 °C | 3.2 °C |
| Warmest month, mean daily high | 21.6 °C | 25.9 °C | 34.3 °C |
| Annual rainfall | 431 mm | 907 mm | 1,433 mm |
| Rainfall in the driest quarter | 54 mm | 159 mm | 237 mm |
It is found where winters bring hard frost. This is not care advice and it is not a forecast. It is a measurement: we sampled the climate at every one of the 199 research-grade observations of Mannia fragrans that carry a coordinate, and this is the range those places actually span. The 5th and 95th percentiles are used rather than the minimum and maximum, because a single cultivated specimen in a heated conservatory should not widen a tropical plant's range to the Arctic.
This is not a hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual extreme minimum temperature. The figure above is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and is typically far warmer. Reading one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a hardiness zone, because we do not have one.
Also published as 34 synonyms
A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.
- Duvalia barbifrons (Bisch.) J.Wolf & E.Hall
- Duvalia fragrans (Balb.) Lindb.
- Fimbraria fragrans (Balb.) Nees
- Grimaldia barbifrons Bisch.
- Grimaldia barbifrons var. convoluta (Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees
- Grimaldia barbifrons var. fimbriata (Nees) Gottsche, Lindenb. & Nees
- Grimaldia barbifrons var. inodora (Wallr.) Hampe
- Grimaldia fragrans (Balb.) Corda ex Nees
- Grimaldia fragrans f. convoluta Nees
- Grimaldia fragrans f. fimbriata Nees
- Grimaldia fragrans f. fragrans
- Grimaldia fragrans f. inodora (Wallr.) Bom. & Broth.
- Grimaldia fragrans var. alpina Meyl.
- Grimaldia fragrans var. brevipes Kaal.
- Grimaldia fragrans var. fragrans
- Grimaldia fragrans var. inodora (Wallr.) Lindb.
- Grimaldia graminosa (Griff.) Schiffn. ex Steph.
- Grimaldia inodora Wallr.
- Grimaldia sessilis Sull.
- Hypenantron fragrans (Balb.) Trevis.
- Mannia barbifrons Shimizu & S.Hatt.
- Mannia brachypoda Shimizu & S.Hatt.
- Mannia fragrans f. fragrans
- Mannia fragrans f. inodora (Wallr.) Duda
and 10 more.
Sourcesevery claim on this page
- World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite. It has no native range either: Kew's checklist does not cover this taxon.