{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/mammillaria-rhodantha/",
  "last_modified": "2025-11-13",
  "id": {
    "slug": "mammillaria-rhodantha",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001288945",
    "inat_taxon_id": 206371
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Mammillaria rhodantha",
    "authorship": "Link & Otto",
    "genus": "Mammillaria",
    "epithet": "rhodantha",
    "family": "Cactaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Icon. Pl. Select.: pl. 26. 1828.",
    "protologue_url": "https://caryophyllales.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f905401a-61cd-4037-9d9f-01448bc2be57",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "rainbow pincushion",
      "english": [
        "rainbow pincushion"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cactus acicularis",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus atratus",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus aureiceps",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus canescens",
        "authorship": "Moc. & Sessé ex DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus capillaris",
        "authorship": "J.M.Coult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus centrispinus",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus chrysacanthus",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus crassispinus",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus fulvispinus",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus fuscatus",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus odieranus",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus phaeacanthus",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus pulcher",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus pyrrhochracanthus",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus pyrrhochroacanthus",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus rhodanthus",
        "authorship": "(Link & Otto) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus rhodanthus var. sulphureospinus",
        "authorship": "J.M.Coult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus ruficeps",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus rutilus",
        "authorship": "(Zucc.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus stenocephalus",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus stueberi",
        "authorship": "(Otto) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus tentaculatus",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria acicularis",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria andreae",
        "authorship": "(Otto ex Pfeiff.) J.Forbes"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria atrata",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria aurata",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria aurea",
        "authorship": "C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria aureiceps",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria bonavitii",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria bonavitii",
        "authorship": "Schmoll ex Backeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria calacantha",
        "authorship": "Tiegel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centrispina",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria chrysacantha",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria crassispina",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria crassispina var. gracilior",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria diacentra",
        "authorship": "Jacobi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria eugenia",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria fera-rubra",
        "authorship": "Schmoll ex R.T.Craig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria flaviceps",
        "authorship": "Scheidw. ex Labour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria floccigera",
        "authorship": "Otto ex Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria fulvispina",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria fulvispina var. pyrrhocentra",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria fulvispina var. rubescens",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria fuscata",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria fuscata var. russea",
        "authorship": "(A.Dietr.) Backeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria fuscata var. sulphurea",
        "authorship": "(C.F.Först.) Backeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria hybrida",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria imbricata",
        "authorship": "Wegener"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria inuncta",
        "authorship": "Hoffmanns."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria karwinskiana var. centrispina",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria mollendorffiana",
        "authorship": "Shurly"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria neglecta",
        "authorship": "Hort.Berol. ex Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria nigricans",
        "authorship": "Fennel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria odieriana",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria odieriana var. aurea",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria odieriana var. rigidior",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria odieriana var. rubra",
        "authorship": "Sencke ex Rümpler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria odieriana var. subcurvata",
        "authorship": "Jacobi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria olivacea",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pfeifferi",
        "authorship": "J.R.Booth ex Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pfeifferi var. altissima",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pfeifferi var. dichotoma",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pfeifferi var. flaviceps",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pfeifferi var. fulvispina",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pfeifferi var. variabilis",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria phaeacantha",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pulchra",
        "authorship": "Haw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria punctata",
        "authorship": "Labour. ex Rümpler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pyrrhocentra",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pyrrhochracantha",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria radula",
        "authorship": "Scheidw. ex C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. andreae",
        "authorship": "(Otto ex Pfeiff.) Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. callaena",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. centrispina",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. chrysacantha",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. crassispina",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. fulvispina",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. fuscata",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. neglecta",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. pfeifferi",
        "authorship": "(J.R.Booth ex Scheidw.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. ruberrima",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. ruficeps",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. stenocephala",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. sulphurea",
        "authorship": "(C.F.Först.) Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha f. tentaculata",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha subsp. aureiceps",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) D.R.Hunt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha subsp. fuscata",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Rogoz. & Plein"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha subsp. neglecta",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha subsp. odieriana",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Rogoz. & Plein"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha subsp. santarosensis",
        "authorship": "Rogoz. & Plein"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. andreae",
        "authorship": "Otto ex Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. aureiceps",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. callaena",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. centrispina",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Link ex C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. chrysacantha",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. crassispina",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. fuscata",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. major",
        "authorship": "Monv. ex Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. neglecta",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. odieriana",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. pfeifferi",
        "authorship": "(J.R.Booth ex Scheidw.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. prolifera",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. rubens",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. ruberrima",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. rubescens",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. rubra",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. ruficeps",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. stenocephala",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. sulphurea",
        "authorship": "(C.F.Först.) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodantha var. wendlandii",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria robusta",
        "authorship": "Otto ex C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria ruficeps",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria russea",
        "authorship": "A.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rutila",
        "authorship": "Zucc. ex Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rutila var. octospina",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rutila var. pallidior",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria stenocephala",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria stenocephala",
        "authorship": "Scheidw. ex Labour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria stueberi",
        "authorship": "C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria sulphurea",
        "authorship": "C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria tentaculata",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria tentaculata var. conothele",
        "authorship": "Monv. ex Labour."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria tentaculata var. picta",
        "authorship": "Rümpler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria verticealba",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria verticealba var. zacatecasensis",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria aureiceps",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria calacantha",
        "authorship": "(Tiegel) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria calacantha var. rubra",
        "authorship": "(W.T.Neale) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria fuscata",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria mollendorffiana",
        "authorship": "(Shurly) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria phaeacantha",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria rhodantha",
        "authorship": "(Link & Otto) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria rhodantha var. rubescens",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Y.Itô"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammillaria_rhodantha"
  },
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        "name": "Mexico Central",
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        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
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        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
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        "region": "Mexico"
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  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 31,
    "n_annotated": 53,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      1,
      1,
      4,
      1,
      3,
      2,
      6,
      6,
      4,
      3
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      3,
      0,
      1,
      2,
      6,
      6,
      7,
      2,
      8,
      7,
      5,
      6
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.6667,
      0.1667,
      0.4286,
      null,
      0.75,
      0.8571,
      0.8,
      0.5
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.3,
        0.9032
      ],
      [
        0.0301,
        0.5635
      ],
      [
        0.1582,
        0.7495
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.4093,
        0.9285
      ],
      [
        0.4869,
        0.9743
      ],
      [
        0.3755,
        0.9638
      ],
      [
        0.1876,
        0.8124
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 10,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "succulent subshrub",
    "climate": "desert or dry shrubland"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 11,
      "median": 14.7,
      "p95": 16.6
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 172.5,
      "median": 199.3,
      "p95": 244.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 20.4,
      "median": 23.1,
      "p95": 26.3
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 1.1,
      "median": 4.4,
      "p95": 6.1
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 475.6,
      "median": 763.3,
      "p95": 870.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 71.3,
      "median": 90.5,
      "p95": 100
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 24.5,
      "median": 28.8,
      "p95": 39.4
    },
    "n": 377,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 377 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/mammillaria-rhodantha/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}