{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/mammillaria-magnimamma/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "mammillaria-magnimamma",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001247809",
    "inat_taxon_id": 274379
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Mammillaria magnimamma",
    "authorship": "Haw.",
    "genus": "Mammillaria",
    "epithet": "magnimamma",
    "family": "Cactaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "in Philos. Mag. J. 63: 41. 1824.",
    "protologue_url": "https://caryophyllales.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8cc1d9fe-46d1-41cb-b2bf-6f0db66219ed",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cactus alternatus",
        "authorship": "J.M.Coult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus bockii",
        "authorship": "(C.F.Först.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus centricirrhus",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus diadema",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus divaricatus",
        "authorship": "(A.Dietr.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus divergens",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus ehrenbergii",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus foersteri",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus foveolatus",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus gladiatus",
        "authorship": "(Mart.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus glaucus",
        "authorship": "(A.Dietr.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus grandicornis",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus guillemianus",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus guilleminianus",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus hystrix",
        "authorship": "(Mart.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus krameri",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus lactescens",
        "authorship": "(Meinsh.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus lehmannii",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus ludwigii",
        "authorship": "(Ehrenb.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus macracanthus",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus magnimamma",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus megacanthus",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus microceras",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus neumannianus",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus pazzanii",
        "authorship": "(D.C.Stieber) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus pentacanthus",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus phymatothele",
        "authorship": "(Bergm.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus versicolor",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cereus lehmannii",
        "authorship": "C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Chilita zuccariniana",
        "authorship": "(Mart.) Orcutt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria arietina",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria bockii",
        "authorship": "C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria bucareliensis",
        "authorship": "R.T.Craig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria bucareliensis var. bicornuta",
        "authorship": "F.Schmoll ex R.T.Craig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria bucareliensis var. multiflora",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria bucareliensis var. tamaulipa",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha f. bockii",
        "authorship": "(C.F.Först.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha f. divergens",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha f. krameri",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha f. macracantha",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha f. macrothele",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha f. magnimamma",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha f. recurva",
        "authorship": "(Lehm. ex Pfeiff.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. arietina",
        "authorship": "Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. bockii",
        "authorship": "(C.F.Först.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. ceratophora",
        "authorship": "(Lehm.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. cirrosa",
        "authorship": "(Poselg.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. conopsea",
        "authorship": "Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. deflexispina",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. diadema",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. divaricata",
        "authorship": "(A.Dietr.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. divergens",
        "authorship": "(DC.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. ehrenbergii",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. falcata",
        "authorship": "(Rümpler) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. foersteri",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. gebweileriana",
        "authorship": "(J.N.Haage ex Rümpler) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. gladiata",
        "authorship": "(Mart.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. glauca",
        "authorship": "(A.Dietr. ex A.Linke) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. guilleminiana",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. hopferiana",
        "authorship": "(Linke) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. inermis",
        "authorship": "Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. krameri",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. krauseana",
        "authorship": "(K.Schum.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. lactescens",
        "authorship": "(Meinsh.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. macracantha",
        "authorship": "(DC.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. macrothele",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. magnimamma",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. megacantha",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. microceras",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. neumanniana",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. pachythele",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. pazzanii",
        "authorship": "(D.C.Stieber) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. pentacantha",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. polygona",
        "authorship": "Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. pulchra",
        "authorship": "Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. recurva",
        "authorship": "(Lehm. ex Pfeiff.) K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. schmidtii",
        "authorship": "(Sencke ex Rümpler) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. subcurvata",
        "authorship": "(A.Dietr.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. uberimamma",
        "authorship": "(Monv. ex Rümpler) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. versicolor",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria centricirrha var. zuccariniana",
        "authorship": "(Mart.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria ceratophora",
        "authorship": "Lehm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria cirrosa",
        "authorship": "Poselg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria deflexispina",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria diadema",
        "authorship": "Muehlenpf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria divaricata",
        "authorship": "A.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria divergens",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria ehrenbergii",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria falcata",
        "authorship": "Rümpler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria flavovirens",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria foersteri",
        "authorship": "Muehlenpf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria foveolata",
        "authorship": "Muehlenpf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria geberweileriana",
        "authorship": "J.N.Haage ex Rümpler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria gebweileriana",
        "authorship": "J.N.Haage ex Rümpler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria gladiata",
        "authorship": "Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria glauca",
        "authorship": "A.Dietr. ex Linke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria glochidiata var. sericata",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria grandicornis",
        "authorship": "Muehlenpf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria guilleminiana",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria hopferiana",
        "authorship": "Linke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria hystrix",
        "authorship": "Mart. ex Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria krameri",
        "authorship": "Muehlenpf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria krauseana",
        "authorship": "K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria lactescens",
        "authorship": "Meinsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria lehmannii",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria ludwigii",
        "authorship": "Ehrenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria ludwigii var. clavata",
        "authorship": "Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria macracantha",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria macracantha var. retrocurva",
        "authorship": "Keller-Hoerschelmann"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria macrantha",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck ex C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria macrothele var. lehmannii",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria magnimamma f. arietina",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Voss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria magnimamma var. arietina",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria magnimamma var. bockii",
        "authorship": "(C.F.Först.) Borg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria magnimamma var. divergens",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Borg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria magnimamma var. lutescens",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria magnimamma var. spinosior",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria megacantha",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria megacantha var. rigidior",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria microceras",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria neumanniana",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pachytele",
        "authorship": "Poselg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pazzani",
        "authorship": "Stieber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pazzanii",
        "authorship": "D.C.Stieber"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pentacantha",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria phymatothele",
        "authorship": "A.Berger"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria phymatothele var. trohartii",
        "authorship": "(Hildm. ex K.Schum.) R.T.Craig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria polythele f. neumanniana",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria priessnitzii",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria recurva",
        "authorship": "Lehm. ex Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rioverdense",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rioverdensis",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria saxicola",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria schelhasii var. sericata",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria schmidtii",
        "authorship": "Sencke ex Rümpler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria seitziana var. tolantongensis",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria senckeana",
        "authorship": "hort. ex K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria senckei",
        "authorship": "hort. ex K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria sericata",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria subcurvata",
        "authorship": "A.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria trohartii",
        "authorship": "Hildm. ex K.Schum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria uberimamma",
        "authorship": "Monv. ex C.F.Först. & Rümpler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria vagaspina",
        "authorship": "R.T.Craig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria vagaspina subsp. immersa",
        "authorship": "Mészáros & Szutorisz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria vallensis",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria vallensis var. brevispina",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria versicolor",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria zuccariniana",
        "authorship": "Mart."
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria bocasana var. sericata",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria centricirrha",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria centricirrha var. bockii",
        "authorship": "(C.F.Först.) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria centricirrha var. divergens",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria centricirrha var. inermis",
        "authorship": "(Y.Itô) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria centricirrha var. krameri",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria centricirrha var. neumanniana",
        "authorship": "(Lem.) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria centricirrha var. recurva",
        "authorship": "(Lehm. ex Pfeiff.) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria flavovirens",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria macracantha",
        "authorship": "(DC.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria magnimamma",
        "authorship": "(Haw.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria phymatothele",
        "authorship": "(A.Berger) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria vagaspina",
        "authorship": "(R.T.Craig) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria zuccariniana",
        "authorship": "(Mart.) Britton & Rose"
      }
    ],
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        "attribution": "José Belem Hernández Díaz, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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        "creator": "Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata",
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        "attribution": "Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
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    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXS"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 31,
    "n_annotated": 112,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
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      3,
      8,
      1,
      3,
      1,
      1,
      0,
      2,
      5,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
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      17,
      8,
      11,
      4,
      5,
      11,
      6
    ],
    "share": [
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      0.4545,
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    ],
    "ci": [
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      ],
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      [
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      ],
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      null,
      [
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      ],
      [
        0,
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    ],
    "peak_month": 4,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 42,
      "by_month": [
        1,
        0,
        1,
        3,
        12,
        10,
        3,
        6,
        2,
        0,
        2,
        2
      ],
      "share": [
        0.1667,
        0,
        0.2,
        0.3333,
        0.7059,
        0.5882,
        0.375,
        0.5455,
        null,
        0,
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      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.0301,
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        [
          0,
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        ],
        [
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        ],
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        ],
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        ],
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        ],
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        ],
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          0.2801,
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        ],
        null,
        [
          0,
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        ],
        [
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        ],
        [
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          0.7
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 5
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "succulent subshrub",
    "climate": "desert or dry shrubland"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 13.6,
      "median": 16.4,
      "p95": 19.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 172.5,
      "median": 216.9,
      "p95": 308.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 21.8,
      "median": 26,
      "p95": 29.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 3.7,
      "median": 6,
      "p95": 9.8
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 386.9,
      "median": 540.7,
      "p95": 991
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 69,
      "median": 81,
      "p95": 96.5
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 22.5,
      "median": 30.1,
      "p95": 52
    },
    "n": 1610,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1610 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/mammillaria-magnimamma/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}