{
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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/mammillaria-karwinskiana/",
  "last_modified": "2025-11-13",
  "id": {
    "slug": "mammillaria-karwinskiana",
    "wfo": "wfo-0001288830",
    "inat_taxon_id": 273609
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Mammillaria karwinskiana",
    "authorship": "Mart.",
    "genus": "Mammillaria",
    "epithet": "karwinskiana",
    "family": "Cactaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "in Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 16(1): 335, pl. 22. 1832.",
    "protologue_url": "https://caryophyllales.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/0afb571f-afbb-4a82-8632-8d8441d39318",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cactus bergii",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus fischeri",
        "authorship": "(Pfeiff.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus geminatus",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus karwinskianus",
        "authorship": "(Mart.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus multisectus",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus praelii",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus pyrrhocephalus",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus subpolyedrus",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus virens",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus viridis",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus voburnensis",
        "authorship": "(Scheer) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cactus woburnensis",
        "authorship": "(Scheer) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Corbichonia decumbens",
        "authorship": "C.F.Först. ex Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria beiselii",
        "authorship": "Diers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria closiana",
        "authorship": "Roum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria collinsii",
        "authorship": "(Britton & Rose) Orcutt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria confusa",
        "authorship": "Orcutt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria confusa var. centrispina",
        "authorship": "R.T.Craig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria confusa var. conzattii",
        "authorship": "(Britton & Rose) R.T.Craig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria confusa var. robustispina",
        "authorship": "R.T.Craig"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria conzattii",
        "authorship": "Orcutt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria ebenacantha",
        "authorship": "Shurly"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria fischeri",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria fulvolanata",
        "authorship": "Hildm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria geminata",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria inclinis",
        "authorship": "Lem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria jalappensis",
        "authorship": "Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria jozef-bergeri",
        "authorship": "Wojn. & Prajer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria karwinskiana var. flavescens",
        "authorship": "Zucc. ex Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria karwinskiana var. virens",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria karwinskii",
        "authorship": "Lawr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria malletiana",
        "authorship": "Cels"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria malletiana f. fulvolanata",
        "authorship": "(Hildm.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria malletiana var. pyrrhocephala",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria multiseta",
        "authorship": "Ehrenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria nagliana",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria nejapensis",
        "authorship": "R.T.Craig & E.Y.Dawson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria nejapensis f. brevispina",
        "authorship": "(R.T.Craig & E.Y.Dawson) Krainz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria nejapensis f. longispina",
        "authorship": "(R.T.Craig & E.Y.Dawson) Krainz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria nejapensis var. brevispina",
        "authorship": "R.T.Craig & E.Y.Dawson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria nejapensis var. longispina",
        "authorship": "R.T.Craig & E.Y.Dawson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria nejapensis var. typica",
        "authorship": "R.T.Craig & E.Y.Dawson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria neomystax",
        "authorship": "Backeb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria parmentieri",
        "authorship": "Link & Otto"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria praelii",
        "authorship": "Muehlenpf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pyrrhocephala",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pyrrhocephala var. confusa",
        "authorship": "(Britton & Rose) Borg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pyrrhocephala var. donkelaerii",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria pyrrhocephala var. malletiana",
        "authorship": "(Cels) Borg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria rhodacantha",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria senkei",
        "authorship": "C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria senkii",
        "authorship": "C.F.Först. ex Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria senkii",
        "authorship": "C.F.Först."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria strobilina",
        "authorship": "Tiegel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria subpolyedra",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria tropica",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria virens",
        "authorship": "Scheidw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria viridis",
        "authorship": "Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria viridis var. praelii",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Salm-Dyck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria voburnensis",
        "authorship": "Scheer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria voburnensis subsp. collinsii",
        "authorship": "(Britton & Rose) U.Guzmán"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria voburnensis subsp. voburnensis",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria voburnensis var. collinsii",
        "authorship": "(Britton & Rose) Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria voburnensis var. gerhardii",
        "authorship": "Diers"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria voburnensis var. quetzalcoatl",
        "authorship": "Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria voburnensis var. voburnensis",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria woburnensis",
        "authorship": "Scheer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Mammillaria woburnensis var. collinsii",
        "authorship": "(Britton & Rose) Repp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria collinsii",
        "authorship": "Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria confusa",
        "authorship": "Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria confusa var. centrispina",
        "authorship": "(R.T.Craig) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria confusa var. robustispina",
        "authorship": "(R.T.Craig) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria conzattii",
        "authorship": "Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria karwinskiana",
        "authorship": "(Mart.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria nejapensis",
        "authorship": "(R.T.Craig & E.Y.Dawson) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria nejapensis var. aureispina",
        "authorship": "Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria nejapensis var. brevispina",
        "authorship": "(R.T.Craig & E.Y.Dawson) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria nejapensis var. elegans",
        "authorship": "Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria nejapensis var. longispina",
        "authorship": "(R.T.Craig & E.Y.Dawson) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria neomystax",
        "authorship": "(Backeb.) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria neomystax var. rhodacantha",
        "authorship": "(Y.Itô) Y.Itô"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria praelii",
        "authorship": "(Muehlenpf.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria pyrrhocephala",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria pyrrocephala",
        "authorship": "(Scheidw.) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria subpolyedra",
        "authorship": "(Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria voburnensis",
        "authorship": "(Scheer) Britton & Rose"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neomammillaria woburnensis",
        "authorship": "(Scheer) Britton & Rose"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
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    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
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        "region": "Central America"
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        "region": "Central America"
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    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
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      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
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    "lifeform": "succulent subshrub or lithophyte",
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      "p95": 55.6
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      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
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    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 34 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 3 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/mammillaria-karwinskiana/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}