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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/lupinus-argenteus/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "lupinus-argenteus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000174689",
    "inat_taxon_id": 62691
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Lupinus argenteus",
    "authorship": "Pursh",
    "genus": "Lupinus",
    "epithet": "argenteus",
    "family": "Fabaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 468 (1813)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.legumedata.org/taxonomy/taxon/2348024",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Silver-stem Lupine",
      "english": [
        "Silver-stem Lupine",
        "Silvery Lupine",
        "silvery lupine"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Lupinus abiesicola",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus acclivatatis",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus achilleaphilus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus adscendens",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus alexanderae",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus alicanescens",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus aliumbellatus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus allimicranthus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus alpestris",
        "authorship": "A.Nelson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus alpestris var. argentatus",
        "authorship": "(Rydb.) C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus alsophilus",
        "authorship": "Greene"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus alturasensis",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus annieae",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus f. albiflorus",
        "authorship": "B.Boivin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus subsp. ingratus",
        "authorship": "(Greene) Harmon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus subsp. moabensis",
        "authorship": "D.B.Dunn & Harmon ex S.L.Welsh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus subsp. parviflorus",
        "authorship": "(Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) L.Ll.Phillips"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus subsp. rubricaulis",
        "authorship": "(Greene) L.W.Hess & D.B.Dunn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus var. argentatus",
        "authorship": "(Rydb.) Barneby"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus var. argenteus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus var. aristatovatus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus var. boreus",
        "authorship": "(C.P.Sm.) S.L.Welsh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus var. decumbens",
        "authorship": "(Torr.) S.Watson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus var. sericea",
        "authorship": "Cockerell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus var. stenophyllus",
        "authorship": "(Rydb.) Davis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus var. stenophyllus",
        "authorship": "(Rydb.) R.J.Davis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus argenteus var. tenellus",
        "authorship": "(Douglas ex G.Don) D.B.Dunn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus blankinshipii",
        "authorship": "A.Heller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus calcicola",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus candidissimus",
        "authorship": "Eastw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus capitis-amniculi",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus cariciformis",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus caudatus var. rubricaulis",
        "authorship": "(Greene) C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus charlestonensis",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus christianus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus clarkensis",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus clokeyanus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus corymbosus",
        "authorship": "A.Heller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus davisianus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus decumbens",
        "authorship": "Torr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus decumbens var. argentatus",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus edward-palmeri",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus equi-coeli",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus flavo-pinuum",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus floribundus",
        "authorship": "Greene"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus foliosus",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus fontis-batchelderi",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus fremontensis",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus fulvomaculatus",
        "authorship": "Payson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus funstonanus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus garrettianus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus hendersonii",
        "authorship": "Eastw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus hullianus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus ingratus",
        "authorship": "Greene"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus jaegeranus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus jonesii",
        "authorship": "Blank."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus junipericola",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus keckianus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus lanatocarinus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus lariversianus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus laxiflorus",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus laxiflorus",
        "authorship": "Douglas ex Lindl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus laxiflorus var. corymbosus",
        "authorship": "(A.Heller) Jeps."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus laxiflorus var. foliosus",
        "authorship": "Torr. & A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus laxiflorus var. tenellus",
        "authorship": "(Douglas ex G.Don) Torr. & A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus laxus",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus leptostachyus",
        "authorship": "Greene"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus lucidulus",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus merrillanus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus mexicanus",
        "authorship": "A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus montis-cookii",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus myrianthus",
        "authorship": "Greene"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus olive-brownae",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus olive-nortonae",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus ornatus",
        "authorship": "Newb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus palmeri",
        "authorship": "S.Watson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus palmeri var. clawsonianus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus palmeri var. humilis",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus parviflorus",
        "authorship": "Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus parviflorus subsp. floribundus",
        "authorship": "(Greene) Harmon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus parviflorus subsp. myrianthus",
        "authorship": "(Greene) Harmon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus parviflorus var. complicatus",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus parviflorus var. fulvomaculatus",
        "authorship": "(Payson) Harmon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus patulipes",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus populorum",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus portae-westgardiae",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus pulcher",
        "authorship": "Eastw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus pulcherrimus",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus rubricaulis",
        "authorship": "Greene"
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      {
        "name": "Lupinus seclusus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
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        "name": "Lupinus serradentum",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
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      {
        "name": "Lupinus sicco-silvae",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
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      {
        "name": "Lupinus sitgreavesii",
        "authorship": "S.Watson"
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      {
        "name": "Lupinus sitgreavii",
        "authorship": "S.Watson"
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      {
        "name": "Lupinus spathulatus",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus spathulatus var. boreus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus standingii",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus stenophyllus",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus sublanatus",
        "authorship": "Eastw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus summae",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus tenellus",
        "authorship": "Douglas ex G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lupinus trainianus",
        "authorship": "C.P.Sm."
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_argenteus"
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      "WYO"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ABT",
        "name": "Alberta",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "BRC",
        "name": "British Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "COL",
        "name": "Colorado",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IDA",
        "name": "Idaho",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MNT",
        "name": "Montana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEB",
        "name": "Nebraska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEV",
        "name": "Nevada",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NDA",
        "name": "North Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OKL",
        "name": "Oklahoma",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SAS",
        "name": "Saskatchewan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "SDA",
        "name": "South Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "UTA",
        "name": "Utah",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WYO",
        "name": "Wyoming",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 376,
    "n_annotated": 394,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      0,
      7,
      45,
      119,
      134,
      46,
      20,
      4,
      0,
      1
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      1,
      12,
      47,
      121,
      138,
      48,
      21,
      5,
      0,
      1
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.5833,
      0.9574,
      0.9835,
      0.971,
      0.9583,
      0.9524,
      0.8,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.3195,
        0.8067
      ],
      [
        0.8575,
        0.9883
      ],
      [
        0.9417,
        0.9955
      ],
      [
        0.9278,
        0.9887
      ],
      [
        0.8602,
        0.9885
      ],
      [
        0.7733,
        0.9915
      ],
      [
        0.3755,
        0.9638
      ],
      null,
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 6,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 44,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        6,
        21,
        14,
        3,
        0,
        0,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        0,
        0,
        0.0496,
        0.1522,
        0.2917,
        0.1429,
        0,
        null,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        null,
        null,
        null,
        [
          0,
          0.2425
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.0756
        ],
        [
          0.0229,
          0.104
        ],
        [
          0.1017,
          0.2215
        ],
        [
          0.1824,
          0.4318
        ],
        [
          0.0498,
          0.3464
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.4345
        ],
        null,
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 0.2,
      "median": 6.5,
      "p95": 11.3
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 742.1,
      "median": 835.9,
      "p95": 967.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 20.1,
      "median": 26.1,
      "p95": 31.3
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -16.5,
      "median": -9.9,
      "p95": -4.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 287,
      "median": 518.6,
      "p95": 1003.1
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 17,
      "median": 39.7,
      "p95": 64.3
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 33.1,
      "median": 64,
      "p95": 173.6
    },
    "n": 1968,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1968 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/lupinus-argenteus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}