{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/lolium-arundinaceum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "lolium-arundinaceum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000878351",
    "inat_taxon_id": 164708
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Lolium arundinaceum",
    "authorship": "(Schreb.) Darbysh.",
    "genus": "Lolium",
    "epithet": "arundinaceum",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Novon 3: 241 (1993)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:973267-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Tall fescue",
      "english": [
        "Tall fescue",
        "tall fescue"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Aira oryzetorum",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena secunda",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromus arundinaceus",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Roth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromus decolorans",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromus elatior",
        "authorship": "(L.) Koeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromus elatus",
        "authorship": "Gueldenst. ex Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromus littoreus",
        "authorship": "Retz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bucetum elatius",
        "authorship": "(L.) Parn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bucetum elatius var. variegatum",
        "authorship": "Parn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca archeri",
        "authorship": "E.B.Alexeev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca articulata",
        "authorship": "De Not. ex Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea",
        "authorship": "Schreb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea f. baltica",
        "authorship": "(Asch. & Graebn.) Beldie"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea f. obtusiflora",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Beldie"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea f. pseudomairei",
        "authorship": "(Litard. & Maire) Auquier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea subsp. conferta",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea subsp. orientalis",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea subsp. subalpina",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea subsp. uechtritziana",
        "authorship": "(Wiesb.) Hegi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. aristata",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. aspera",
        "authorship": "(Mutel) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. baltica",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. fasciculata",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. incrustata",
        "authorship": "Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. littoralis",
        "authorship": "Masclef"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. multiflora",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. obtusiflora",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. pauciflora",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. pauciflora",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. podperae",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. pseudoelatior",
        "authorship": "Thiélens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. rigida",
        "authorship": "Bréb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. spuria",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. subaristata",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca arundinacea var. uechtritziana",
        "authorship": "(Wiesb.) Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca caerulescens",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca cretica",
        "authorship": "Hack. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca decolorans",
        "authorship": "Mert. & W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior f. pseudomairei",
        "authorship": "Litard. & Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior subsp. arundinacea",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior subvar. duvalii",
        "authorship": "Litard."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior subvar. orientalis",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior subvar. spuria",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior subvar. subalpina",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior subvar. tunetana",
        "authorship": "St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior subvar. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior var. angustata",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior var. arundinacea",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Roth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior var. aspera",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior var. elbursiana",
        "authorship": "J.Vetter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior var. insularis",
        "authorship": "J.Vetter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior var. mutica",
        "authorship": "Chevall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior var. uechtritziana",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca elatior var. umbrosa",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca laxa",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca littorea",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Lilj."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca loliacea",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca media",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca membranacea",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca membranacea var. albida",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca oryzetorum",
        "authorship": "Pollini"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca phoenix",
        "authorship": "(Scop.) Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca pratensis var. curvata",
        "authorship": "(Koeler) Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca pratensis var. elatior",
        "authorship": "(L.) Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca pratensis var. humilior",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca pratensis var. pinnata",
        "authorship": "Klett & Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca pseudololiacea",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca regeliana",
        "authorship": "Pavlov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca regelii",
        "authorship": "Pavlov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca simplex",
        "authorship": "Boiss. & Balansa"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca tenax",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca uechtritziana",
        "authorship": "Wiesb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca uechtritziana var. aristata",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gnomonia elatior",
        "authorship": "(L.) Lunell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Lolium arundinaceum subsp. uechtritzianum",
        "authorship": "(Wiesb.) M.Hassl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Lolium festuca",
        "authorship": "Raspail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa curvata",
        "authorship": "Koeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa elatior",
        "authorship": "(L.) Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa elatior var. latifolia",
        "authorship": "Desm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa kunthii",
        "authorship": "Lindm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa phoenix",
        "authorship": "Scop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa remota",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa tenax",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Poa uliginosa",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Schedonorus arundinaceus",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. orientalis",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) H.Scholz & Valdés"
      },
      {
        "name": "Schedonorus arundinaceus subsp. uechtritzianus",
        "authorship": "(Wiesb.) H.Scholz & Valdés"
      },
      {
        "name": "Schedonorus arundinaceus var. aristatus",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Schedonorus elatior",
        "authorship": "(L.) P.Beauv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Schedonorus littoreus",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Schedonorus phoenix",
        "authorship": "(Scop.) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Schedonorus uechtritzianus",
        "authorship": "(Wiesb.) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Tragus elatior",
        "authorship": "(L.) Panz."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolium_arundinaceum"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 897,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 196591984,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Andrew Skotnicki",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/andrew_skotnicki",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/44a33cbc-deb4-4752-b6f1-2036ba449c90",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-09",
        "lat": 51.403,
        "lon": -0.308,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/196591984/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/196591984/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/196591984/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/196591984/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Andrew Skotnicki, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 193503152,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Pavel Kacl",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/pavel_kacl",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/247a59bd-bbbd-4aad-b8f2-c56ae8a28ab8",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-30",
        "lat": 50.099,
        "lon": 14.364,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/193503152/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/193503152/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/193503152/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/193503152/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Pavel Kacl, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 187212914,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Jenny Saito",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/jennysaito",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9a004e1b-cb2c-480a-8423-9f7f90b79ddd",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-09",
        "lat": -43.292,
        "lon": 171.708,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/187212914/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/187212914/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/187212914/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/187212914/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Jenny Saito, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 186309899,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Penelope Noel Gillette",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/penelopegillette",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7e98167a-eecb-4544-a217-14b400dfb59a",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-05",
        "lat": -46.554,
        "lon": 169.469,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186309899/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186309899/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186309899/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186309899/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Penelope Noel Gillette, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 186368283,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Sunita Singh",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/sunita",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74890b34-9007-4aa9-98d4-c912a954e1fa",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-02",
        "lat": -41.193,
        "lon": 175.22,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186368283/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186368283/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186368283/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/186368283/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Sunita Singh, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 181504834,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Casey H. Richart",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/pileated",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/39947bc6-2597-45a2-98ce-89a60a269cdd",
        "observed_on": "2022-03-03",
        "lat": 44.554,
        "lon": -123.123,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 576
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181504834/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181504834/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181504834/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/181504834/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Casey H. Richart, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 179471264,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Joe Dillon",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/joedillon",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/c5390c12-77ed-4231-8717-b2066c6e19b0",
        "observed_on": "2022-02-15",
        "lat": -40.872,
        "lon": 175.008,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179471264/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179471264/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179471264/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179471264/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Joe Dillon, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 176145613,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Daniel Cahen",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/danielcahen",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/118165c8-89d0-45b1-a777-a7148529ee7c",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-16",
        "lat": 51.459,
        "lon": -0.309,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/176145613/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/176145613/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/176145613/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/176145613/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Daniel Cahen, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "AZO",
      "CNY",
      "LBY",
      "MOR",
      "TUN",
      "AFG",
      "CYP",
      "EAI",
      "IRN",
      "IRQ",
      "KAZ",
      "KGZ",
      "LBS",
      "NCS",
      "PAL",
      "TZK",
      "TCS",
      "TKM",
      "TUR",
      "UZB",
      "WSB",
      "CHX",
      "EHM",
      "PAK",
      "WHM",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BAL",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AZO",
        "name": "Azores",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CNY",
        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 123,
    "n_annotated": 381,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      5,
      0,
      4,
      10,
      38,
      19,
      9,
      2,
      6,
      9,
      14,
      7
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      36,
      15,
      26,
      33,
      67,
      39,
      30,
      15,
      18,
      25,
      34,
      43
    ],
    "share": [
      0.1389,
      0,
      0.1538,
      0.303,
      0.5672,
      0.4872,
      0.3,
      0.1333,
      0.3333,
      0.36,
      0.4118,
      0.1628
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.0608,
        0.2866
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.2039
      ],
      [
        0.0615,
        0.3353
      ],
      [
        0.1738,
        0.4734
      ],
      [
        0.4481,
        0.679
      ],
      [
        0.3386,
        0.638
      ],
      [
        0.1666,
        0.4788
      ],
      [
        0.0374,
        0.3788
      ],
      [
        0.1628,
        0.5625
      ],
      [
        0.2025,
        0.5548
      ],
      [
        0.2637,
        0.5778
      ],
      [
        0.0812,
        0.2997
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 5,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 204,
      "by_month": [
        27,
        12,
        16,
        15,
        15,
        17,
        22,
        9,
        9,
        13,
        16,
        33
      ],
      "share": [
        0.75,
        0.8,
        0.6154,
        0.4545,
        0.2239,
        0.4359,
        0.7333,
        0.6,
        0.5,
        0.52,
        0.4706,
        0.7674
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.5893,
          0.8625
        ],
        [
          0.5481,
          0.9295
        ],
        [
          0.4253,
          0.7757
        ],
        [
          0.2984,
          0.6201
        ],
        [
          0.1406,
          0.3371
        ],
        [
          0.293,
          0.5902
        ],
        [
          0.5555,
          0.8582
        ],
        [
          0.3575,
          0.8018
        ],
        [
          0.2903,
          0.7097
        ],
        [
          0.335,
          0.6997
        ],
        [
          0.3145,
          0.6326
        ],
        [
          0.6226,
          0.8685
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 2
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 4.7,
      "median": 10.3,
      "p95": 16.8
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 261.1,
      "median": 763.6,
      "p95": 996.2
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18.7,
      "median": 23,
      "p95": 32.8
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -11.2,
      "median": -3,
      "p95": 8.3
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 546.7,
      "median": 748.7,
      "p95": 1633.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.2,
      "median": 27.8,
      "p95": 69.1
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 63.5,
      "median": 122.9,
      "p95": 280.5
    },
    "n": 2068,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2068 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/lolium-arundinaceum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}