{ "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json", "schema_version": 1, "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/limosella-australis/", "last_modified": "2025-12-15", "id": { "slug": "limosella-australis", "wfo": "wfo-0000445869", "inat_taxon_id": 60248 }, "name": { "scientific": "Limosella australis", "authorship": "R.Br.", "genus": "Limosella", "epithet": "australis", "family": "Plantaginaceae", "rank": "species", "taxonomic_status": "accepted", "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06", "is_homonym": false, "published_in": "Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. : 443 (1810)", "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329497-2", "common": { "preferred": "Welsh mudwort", "english": [ "Welsh mudwort" ], "source": "wikidata" }, "synonyms": [ { "name": "Limosella americana", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella americana f. natans", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella americana f. terrestris", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella aquatica f. natans", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella aquatica f. terrestris", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella aquatica subsp. tenuifolia", "authorship": "(J.P.Wolff) Pers." }, { "name": "Limosella aquatica var. americana", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella aquatica var. tenuifolia", "authorship": "(Wolfg. ex Hoffm.) Hook.f." }, { "name": "Limosella brachystema", "authorship": "Raf." }, { "name": "Limosella coerulea", "authorship": "Burch." }, { "name": "Limosella lineata", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella lineata f. natans", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella lineata f. submersa", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella lineata f. terrestris", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella lineata var. brevistylis", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella lineata var. spathulata", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella maritima", "authorship": "Raf." }, { "name": "Limosella minuta", "authorship": "Dinter & Suess." }, { "name": "Limosella monticola", "authorship": "Dinter" }, { "name": "Limosella subulata", "authorship": "E.Ives" }, { "name": "Limosella subulata f. maritima", "authorship": "Pennell" }, { "name": "Limosella subulata f. submersa", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Limosella subulata f. terrestris", "authorship": "Glück" }, { "name": "Ygramela maritima", "authorship": "(Raf.) Raf." } ], "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limosella_australis" }, "photographs": { "shown": 8, "usable_found": 435, "licences": [ "CC-BY" ], "noncommercial_excluded": true, "items": [ { "photo_id": 202281353, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Arnim Littek", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/arnim", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5e2a4325-c174-4dc3-b0c9-5efd7962e903", "observed_on": "2022-05-27", "lat": -40.681, "lon": 175.147, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 768 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202281353/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202281353/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202281353/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202281353/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Arnim Littek, CC BY 4.0, via 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184609735, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Arnim Littek", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/arnim", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/0e3d7db7-cea1-4fbc-a92f-6e027214ed53", "observed_on": "2022-03-26", "lat": -40.599, "lon": 175.18, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 768 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/184609735/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/184609735/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/184609735/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/184609735/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Arnim Littek, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist" } ] }, "native_range": { "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3", "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "excludes": [ "introduced", "extinct", "location_doubtful" ], "codes": [ "CPP", "GGI", "MLW", "ZIM", "CRZ", "FAL", "KEG", "MPE", "ATP", "NSW", "NZN", "NZS", "NTA", "QLD", "SOA", "TAS", "VIC", "WAU", "GRB", "CNT", "LAB", "MAI", "MRY", "MAS", "NBR", "NWH", "NWJ", "NWY", "NFL", "NCA", "NSC", "PEN", "PEI", "QUE", "RHO", "VRG", "AGE", "AGW", "AGS", "BOL", "BZS", "CLC", "CLN", "CLS", "CLM", "DOM", "ECU", "PER" ], "regions": [ { "code": "CPP", "name": "Cape Provinces", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "GGI", "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "MLW", "name": "Malawi", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ZIM", "name": "Zimbabwe", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "CRZ", "name": "Crozet Is.", "continent": "ANTARCTICA", "region": "Subantarctic Islands" }, { "code": "FAL", "name": "Falkland Is.", "continent": "ANTARCTICA", "region": "Subantarctic Islands" }, { "code": "KEG", "name": "Kerguelen", "continent": "ANTARCTICA", "region": "Subantarctic Islands" }, { "code": "MPE", "name": "Marion-Prince Edward Is.", "continent": "ANTARCTICA", "region": "Subantarctic Islands" }, { "code": "ATP", "name": "Antipodean Is.", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "New Zealand" }, { "code": "NSW", "name": "New South Wales", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "NZN", "name": "New Zealand North", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "New Zealand" }, { "code": "NZS", "name": "New Zealand South", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "New Zealand" }, { "code": "NTA", "name": "Northern Territory", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "QLD", "name": "Queensland", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "SOA", "name": "South Australia", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "TAS", "name": "Tasmania", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "VIC", "name": "Victoria", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "WAU", "name": "Western Australia", "continent": "AUSTRALASIA", "region": "Australia" }, { "code": "GRB", "name": "Great Britain", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Northern Europe" }, { "code": "CNT", "name": "Connecticut", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "LAB", "name": "Labrador", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Eastern Canada" }, { "code": "MAI", "name": "Maine", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "MRY", "name": "Maryland", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "MAS", "name": "Massachusetts", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "NBR", "name": "New Brunswick", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Eastern Canada" }, { "code": "NWH", "name": "New Hampshire", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "NWJ", "name": "New Jersey", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "NWY", "name": "New York", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "NFL", "name": "Newfoundland", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Eastern Canada" }, { "code": "NCA", "name": "North Carolina", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "NSC", "name": "Nova Scotia", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Eastern Canada" }, { "code": "PEN", "name": "Pennsylvania", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "PEI", "name": "Prince Edward I.", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Eastern Canada" }, { "code": "QUE", "name": "Québec", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Eastern Canada" }, { "code": "RHO", "name": "Rhode I.", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Northeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "VRG", "name": "Virginia", "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southeastern U.S.A." }, { "code": "AGE", "name": "Argentina Northeast", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southern South America" }, { "code": "AGW", "name": "Argentina Northwest", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southern South America" }, { "code": "AGS", "name": "Argentina South", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southern South America" }, { "code": "BOL", "name": "Bolivia", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Western South America" }, { "code": "BZS", "name": "Brazil South", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Brazil" }, { "code": "CLC", "name": "Chile Central", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southern South America" }, { "code": "CLN", "name": "Chile North", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southern South America" }, { "code": "CLS", "name": "Chile South", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Southern South America" }, { "code": "CLM", "name": "Colombia", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Western South America" }, { "code": "DOM", "name": "Dominican Republic", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Caribbean" }, { "code": "ECU", "name": "Ecuador", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Western South America" }, { "code": "PER", "name": "Peru", "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA", "region": "Western South America" } ] }, "phenology": { "n": 289, "n_annotated": 337, "sufficient": true, "by_month": [ 48, 43, 43, 31, 13, 11, 5, 14, 9, 14, 30, 28 ], "annotated_by_month": [ 54, 46, 54, 34, 16, 16, 8, 19, 10, 16, 34, 30 ], "share": [ 0.8889, 0.9348, 0.7963, 0.9118, 0.8125, 0.6875, 0.625, 0.7368, 0.9, 0.875, 0.8824, 0.9333 ], "ci": [ [ 0.7781, 0.9481 ], [ 0.825, 0.9776 ], [ 0.671, 0.8823 ], [ 0.7704, 0.9695 ], [ 0.5699, 0.9341 ], [ 0.444, 0.8584 ], [ 0.3057, 0.8632 ], [ 0.5121, 0.8819 ], [ 0.5958, 0.9821 ], [ 0.6398, 0.965 ], [ 0.7338, 0.9533 ], [ 0.7868, 0.9815 ] ], "peak_month": 2, "peak_basis": "share", "min_month_n": 5, "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x", "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)", "fields": { "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)", "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".", "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.", "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.", "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count." } }, "traits": { "lifeform": "annual or helophyte", "climate": "temperate" }, "climate_envelope": { "mean_annual_temp_c": { "p5": 5.4, "median": 12.1, "p95": 15.5 }, "temp_seasonality": { "p5": 202.8, "median": 323.4, "p95": 949.7 }, "max_temp_warmest_month_c": { "p5": 15.8, "median": 20.5, "p95": 26 }, "min_temp_coldest_month_c": { "p5": -12.2, "median": 4.3, "p95": 9 }, "annual_precip_mm": { "p5": 534, "median": 1155.7, "p95": 2128.5 }, "precip_seasonality": { "p5": 10.5, "median": 16.2, "p95": 65.9 }, "precip_driest_quarter_mm": { "p5": 61.8, "median": 224.6, "p95": 432.3 }, "n": 792, "units": { "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius", "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)", "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)", "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year", "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter" }, "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec", "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.", "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x", "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 792 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.", "is_hardiness_zone": false, "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other." }, "identification": { "on_device_model": { "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)", "identifies_this_species": false }, "in_accuracy_benchmark": false, "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/", "confused_with": [] }, "sources": [ { "name": "World Flora Online Plant List", "note": "accepted name, authority, classification", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-12" }, { "name": "iNaturalist", "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only", "license": "per photograph", "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/", "retrieved": "2026-06-27" }, { "name": "Wikidata", "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-13" }, { "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr", "retrieved": "2026-06-04" } ], "gaps": [ { "field": "care", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted." }, { "field": "toxicity", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready." }, { "field": "botanical_review", "status": "not_sourced", "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page." }, { "field": "hardiness_zone", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all." } ], "license": { "data": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/limosella-australis/", "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)." } }