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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juncus-inflexus/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "juncus-inflexus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000776625",
    "inat_taxon_id": 164269
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Juncus inflexus",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Juncus",
    "epithet": "inflexus",
    "family": "Juncaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 326 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:443065-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "European meadow rush",
      "english": [
        "European meadow rush",
        "Hard Rush",
        "hard rush"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Juncus acutissimus",
        "authorship": "(Buchenau) Adamson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus angelisii",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus brachytepalus",
        "authorship": "Trautv. ex V.I.Krecz. & Gontsch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus cyprius",
        "authorship": "H.Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus deangelisii",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus deangelisii",
        "authorship": "Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus depauperatus",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus diaphramarius",
        "authorship": "Brot."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus elatus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus equisetosus",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucescens",
        "authorship": "Laharpe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus",
        "authorship": "Sibth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus",
        "authorship": "Ehrh. ex Wahlenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus",
        "authorship": "Ehrh. ex G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus f. macrocarpus",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus f. virescens",
        "authorship": "Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus subsp. angelisii",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus subsp. depauperatus",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus subsp. depauperatus",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus subsp. longicornis",
        "authorship": "(Bastard) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus subsp. paniculatus",
        "authorship": "(Hoppe ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked aggregatus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked brunneus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked curvatus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked depauperatus",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked equisetosus",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked farctus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked longicornis",
        "authorship": "(Bastard) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked magnagutii",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked melanocarpus",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked melanocarpus",
        "authorship": "(G.Mey.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked microcarpus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked oligocarpus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked strictus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus unranked typicus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. acutissimus",
        "authorship": "Buchenau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. effusus",
        "authorship": "Boenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. equisetosus",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. fasciculatus",
        "authorship": "Buchenau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. inflexus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. laxiflorus",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. leptocarpus",
        "authorship": "(Buchenau) Buchenau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. longicornis",
        "authorship": "(Bastard) Grognot"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. longicornis",
        "authorship": "(Bastard) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. pallidus",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. paniculatus",
        "authorship": "(Hoppe ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Bosch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. prolifer",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. strictus",
        "authorship": "Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. subglomeratus",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus glaucus var. subglomeratus",
        "authorship": "Boenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus f. aggregatus",
        "authorship": "(Asch. & Graebn.) I.Grint."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus f. equisetosus",
        "authorship": "(Dumort.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus f. melanocarpus",
        "authorship": "(G.Mey.) I.Grint."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus f. pallidus",
        "authorship": "(Sond.) I.Grint."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus f. strictus",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus prol. longicornis",
        "authorship": "(Bastard) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus subsp. austro-occidentalis",
        "authorship": "K.F.Wu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus subvar. laxiflorus",
        "authorship": "(Lange) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. brachytepalus",
        "authorship": "(Trautv. ex V.I.Krecz. & Gontsch.) Kitam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. depauperatus",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) I.Grint."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. leptocarpus",
        "authorship": "(Buchenau) Zhi Y.Zhang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. longicornis",
        "authorship": "(Bastard) Täckh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. longicornis",
        "authorship": "(Bastard) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. oligocarpus",
        "authorship": "(Asch. & Graebn.) I.Grint."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. paniculatus",
        "authorship": "(Hoppe ex Schult. & Schult.fil.) Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. prolifer",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. proliferus",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus inflexus var. trimenii",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus leptocarpus",
        "authorship": "Buchenau"
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      {
        "name": "Juncus longicornis",
        "authorship": "Bastard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus luetkei",
        "authorship": "Buchenau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus pallidus",
        "authorship": "Hoppe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus paniculatus",
        "authorship": "Hoppe ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus paniculatus",
        "authorship": "Hoppe ex Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus paniculatus subsp. depauperatus",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus tenax",
        "authorship": "Banks & Sol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus tenax",
        "authorship": "Banks & Sol. ex Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus tenax",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus tenax var. glaucus",
        "authorship": "(Sibth.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus warakensis",
        "authorship": "Nábelek"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_inflexus"
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        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDR",
        "name": "Madeira",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIN",
        "name": "Sinai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 34,
    "n_annotated": 161,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      1,
      0,
      9,
      14,
      7,
      2,
      1,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      7,
      4,
      4,
      9,
      13,
      27,
      22,
      21,
      19,
      17,
      12,
      6
    ],
    "share": [
      0,
      null,
      null,
      0,
      0.6923,
      0.5185,
      0.3182,
      0.0952,
      0.0526,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0,
        0.3543
      ],
      null,
      null,
      [
        0,
        0.2992
      ],
      [
        0.4237,
        0.8732
      ],
      [
        0.3399,
        0.6926
      ],
      [
        0.1636,
        0.5268
      ],
      [
        0.0265,
        0.2891
      ],
      [
        0.0094,
        0.2464
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1843
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.2425
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.3903
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 5,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 101,
      "by_month": [
        6,
        2,
        3,
        2,
        0,
        6,
        14,
        19,
        16,
        16,
        11,
        6
      ],
      "share": [
        0.8571,
        null,
        null,
        0.2222,
        0,
        0.2222,
        0.6364,
        0.9048,
        0.8421,
        0.9412,
        0.9167,
        1
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.4869,
          0.9743
        ],
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.0632,
          0.5474
        ],
        [
          0,
          0.2281
        ],
        [
          0.1061,
          0.4076
        ],
        [
          0.4295,
          0.8027
        ],
        [
          0.7109,
          0.9735
        ],
        [
          0.6243,
          0.9448
        ],
        [
          0.7302,
          0.9895
        ],
        [
          0.6461,
          0.9851
        ],
        [
          0.6097,
          1
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 12
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 5.9,
      "median": 10,
      "p95": 14.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 393.1,
      "median": 652.1,
      "p95": 925.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18.4,
      "median": 22.5,
      "p95": 28.4
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -9.6,
      "median": -1.2,
      "p95": 3.7
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 555.9,
      "median": 798,
      "p95": 1559.8
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 11.3,
      "median": 23.6,
      "p95": 46.2
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 75.8,
      "median": 148.6,
      "p95": 285.3
    },
    "n": 2034,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2034 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/juncus-inflexus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}