{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/juncus-articulatus/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "juncus-articulatus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000775879",
    "inat_taxon_id": 77552
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Juncus articulatus",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Juncus",
    "epithet": "articulatus",
    "family": "Juncaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 327 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:442698-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Jointed Rush",
      "english": [
        "Jointed Rush",
        "jointed rush",
        "jointleaf rush"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Juncus acutiflorus var. pallidiflorus",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus adscendens",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus affinis",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus alpinoarticulatus subsp. arthrophyllus",
        "authorship": "Reichgelt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus alpinus subsp. turczaninovii",
        "authorship": "(Buchenau) Vorosch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus amblyocarpus",
        "authorship": "Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus aquaticus",
        "authorship": "(L.) All."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus aristiflorus",
        "authorship": "Clairv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus arthrophyllus",
        "authorship": "Brenner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. alpicola",
        "authorship": "(Asch. & Graebn.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. alpigenus",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. macrocarpus",
        "authorship": "(Döll) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. macrocephalus",
        "authorship": "(Viv.) B.Bock"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. natans",
        "authorship": "(Glück) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. nigrescens",
        "authorship": "(Zapał.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. pauciflorus",
        "authorship": "(Sonder) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. stolonifer",
        "authorship": "(Wohll.) Raymond"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. submersus",
        "authorship": "(Glück) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. subobtusatus",
        "authorship": "(Asch. & Graebn.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. viridiflorus",
        "authorship": "(Asch. & Graebn.) I.Grint."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus f. zapalowiczii",
        "authorship": "(Zapał.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus subsp. aquaticus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Ehrh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus subsp. lampocarpus",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus subsp. macrocephalus",
        "authorship": "(Viv.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus subsp. nigritellus",
        "authorship": "(F.W.Schultz) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus subsp. tatewakii",
        "authorship": "(Satake) Vorosch. ex A.K.Skvortsov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus unranked coarctatus",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus unranked fluitans",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus unranked maritimus",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus unranked radicans",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. adscendens",
        "authorship": "Beck"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. aquaticus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. articulatus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. brachycarpus",
        "authorship": "(Trab.) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. cuspidatus",
        "authorship": "(Brenner) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. fluitans",
        "authorship": "Wahlenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. fluitans",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. hylanderi",
        "authorship": "Hämet-Ahti"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. lindhardii",
        "authorship": "(Wiinst.) Wiinst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. littoralis",
        "authorship": "Patze, E.Mey. & Elkan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. maritimus",
        "authorship": "G.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. nigrescens",
        "authorship": "Lindem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. obtusatus",
        "authorship": "Engelm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. pallescens",
        "authorship": "Lindem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. setiformis",
        "authorship": "Patze, E.Mey. & Elkan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. stolonifer",
        "authorship": "(Wohll.) House"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. subalpinus",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus articulatus var. virens",
        "authorship": "H.Post"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus bracteosus",
        "authorship": "Kit. ex Kanitz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus castelli",
        "authorship": "Tineo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus erecticulmis",
        "authorship": "G.H.Loos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus geniculatus",
        "authorship": "Schrank"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus gussonei",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus hylanderi",
        "authorship": "(Hämet-Ahti) Tzvelev & Glazkova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus isthmiacus",
        "authorship": "Neck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus jeholensis",
        "authorship": "Satake"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus",
        "authorship": "Baumg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus",
        "authorship": "Ehrh. ex Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. aquaticus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. brachycarpus",
        "authorship": "Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. gracilis",
        "authorship": "Montell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. maximus",
        "authorship": "Erdner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. nanus",
        "authorship": "Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. natans",
        "authorship": "Glück"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. nigrescens",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. parviflorus",
        "authorship": "Racib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. submersus",
        "authorship": "Glück"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. viridans",
        "authorship": "Kneuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. viridiflorus",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus f. viviparus",
        "authorship": "(Gaudin) Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus subsp. macrocephalus",
        "authorship": "(Viv.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus subsp. nigritellus",
        "authorship": "(F.W.Schultz) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus subsp. repens",
        "authorship": "(Sond.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked alpicola",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked congestus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked eulampocarpus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked niger",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked olympicus",
        "authorship": "(Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked pallescens",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked pallidiflorus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked subobtusatus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked virescens",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus unranked viridiflorus",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. adscendens",
        "authorship": "(Host) Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. affinis",
        "authorship": "(Gaudin) Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. alpigenus",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. alpinus",
        "authorship": "Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. aquaticus",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. caespitosus",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. corymbosus",
        "authorship": "Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. cuspidatus",
        "authorship": "Brenner"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. erectus",
        "authorship": "Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. erectus",
        "authorship": "Klett & Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. fluitans",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. fluitans",
        "authorship": "Klett & Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. lindhardii",
        "authorship": "Wiinst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. littoralis",
        "authorship": "(Patze, E.Mey. & Elkan) Buchenau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. macrocarpus",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. macrocephalus",
        "authorship": "(Viv.) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. multiflorus",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. natans",
        "authorship": "Vayr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. nigritellus",
        "authorship": "(F.W.Schultz) Macreight"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. pallidus",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. parviflorus",
        "authorship": "(Racib.) Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. patens",
        "authorship": "Ser. ex Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. pauciflorus",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. prolifer",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. prolifer",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. repens",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. repens",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. repens",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. reptans",
        "authorship": "Klett & Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. salinus",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. senescens",
        "authorship": "Buchenau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. stolonifer",
        "authorship": "(Wohll.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. suberectus",
        "authorship": "Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. subobtusus",
        "authorship": "Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. turczaninowii",
        "authorship": "Buchenau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. viviparus",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus lampocarpus var. viviparus",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus limosus",
        "authorship": "Vorosch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus longicapsularis",
        "authorship": "Chevall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus macrocephalus",
        "authorship": "Viv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus multicapitatus",
        "authorship": "Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus nigritellus",
        "authorship": "D.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus olympicus",
        "authorship": "Schott, Nyman & Kotschy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus polycephalus",
        "authorship": "D.Don ex Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus stolonifer",
        "authorship": "Wohll."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus subarticulatus",
        "authorship": "Zak. & Novopokr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus subarticulatus",
        "authorship": "Zakirov & Novopokr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus supinus var. nigritellus",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus tatewakii",
        "authorship": "Satake"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus tricephalos",
        "authorship": "J.Gay ex Laharpe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus tricephalus",
        "authorship": "J.Gay ex Laharpe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus turczaninowii",
        "authorship": "(Buchenau) V.I.Krecz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus turczaninowii",
        "authorship": "(Buchenau) Freyn"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus turczaninowii var. jeholensis",
        "authorship": "(Satake) K.F.Wu & Ma"
      },
      {
        "name": "Juncus vallis-demonis",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Phylloschoenus lampocarpus",
        "authorship": "(Ehrh. ex Hoffm.) Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Tristemon falcatus",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_articulatus"
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    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
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        "region": "Northern Africa"
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        "name": "Azores",
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        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
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        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
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        "name": "Madeira",
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        "region": "Macaronesia"
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        "name": "Tunisia",
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        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
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        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
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        "name": "Amur",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
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        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
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      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
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        "region": "China"
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        "name": "Chita",
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        "region": "Siberia"
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        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
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        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
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        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
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        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
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      {
        "code": "IRK",
        "name": "Irkutsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAM",
        "name": "Kamchatka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
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      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KHA",
        "name": "Khabarovsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
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      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHM",
        "name": "Manchuria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PRM",
        "name": "Primorye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHQ",
        "name": "Qinghai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAK",
        "name": "Sakhalin",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVA",
        "name": "Tuva",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YAK",
        "name": "Yakutiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FOR",
        "name": "Føroyar",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ICE",
        "name": "Iceland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
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      {
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        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
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      {
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        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
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        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
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        "region": "Middle Europe"
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        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
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        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
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      {
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        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
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      {
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        "name": "Alaska",
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        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
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        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
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        "name": "British Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
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        "name": "Colorado",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CNT",
        "name": "Connecticut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IDA",
        "name": "Idaho",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
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        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
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        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KTY",
        "name": "Kentucky",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAI",
        "name": "Maine",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEB",
        "name": "Nebraska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEV",
        "name": "Nevada",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NBR",
        "name": "New Brunswick",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWH",
        "name": "New Hampshire",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NFL",
        "name": "Newfoundland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OHI",
        "name": "Ohio",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEI",
        "name": "Prince Edward I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "RHO",
        "name": "Rhode I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SDA",
        "name": "South Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "UTA",
        "name": "Utah",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 151,
    "n_annotated": 409,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      28,
      7,
      3,
      0,
      0,
      10,
      29,
      20,
      7,
      4,
      8,
      35
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      67,
      32,
      24,
      26,
      17,
      22,
      55,
      46,
      19,
      26,
      23,
      52
    ],
    "share": [
      0.4179,
      0.2188,
      0.125,
      0,
      0,
      0.4545,
      0.5273,
      0.4348,
      0.3684,
      0.1538,
      0.3478,
      0.6731
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.3074,
        0.5373
      ],
      [
        0.1102,
        0.3876
      ],
      [
        0.0434,
        0.31
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1287
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1843
      ],
      [
        0.2692,
        0.6534
      ],
      [
        0.3979,
        0.6531
      ],
      [
        0.3021,
        0.5775
      ],
      [
        0.1915,
        0.5896
      ],
      [
        0.0615,
        0.3353
      ],
      [
        0.1881,
        0.5511
      ],
      [
        0.5376,
        0.7848
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 12,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 255,
      "by_month": [
        40,
        26,
        22,
        25,
        14,
        9,
        27,
        32,
        14,
        16,
        10,
        20
      ],
      "share": [
        0.597,
        0.8125,
        0.9167,
        0.9615,
        0.8235,
        0.4091,
        0.4909,
        0.6957,
        0.7368,
        0.6154,
        0.4348,
        0.3846
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.4774,
          0.7061
        ],
        [
          0.6469,
          0.9111
        ],
        [
          0.7415,
          0.9768
        ],
        [
          0.8111,
          0.9932
        ],
        [
          0.5897,
          0.9381
        ],
        [
          0.2326,
          0.6127
        ],
        [
          0.3638,
          0.6192
        ],
        [
          0.5519,
          0.8092
        ],
        [
          0.5121,
          0.8819
        ],
        [
          0.4253,
          0.7757
        ],
        [
          0.2563,
          0.6319
        ],
        [
          0.2647,
          0.5204
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 4
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial or rhizomatous geophyte",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 3.1,
      "median": 8.1,
      "p95": 13.9
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 278.4,
      "median": 775.2,
      "p95": 1096.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 17.6,
      "median": 22.9,
      "p95": 26.8
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -14.9,
      "median": -5.8,
      "p95": 7.3
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 515.5,
      "median": 725,
      "p95": 1580.9
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.5,
      "median": 26.8,
      "p95": 45.4
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 70.2,
      "median": 121.8,
      "p95": 297.7
    },
    "n": 2032,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2032 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/juncus-articulatus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}