Ixeridium laevigatum(Blume) Pak & Kawano

WFO wfo-0000094328 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY

Plate 1 figs. a–h · 8 separate observations

Ixeridium laevigatum, photographed by chiuluan
fig. a chiuluan, CC BY 4.0 / 2022-05-05 / obs. 195065829
Ixeridium laevigatum, photographed by 葉子
fig. b 葉子, CC0 1.0 / obs. 190266003
Ixeridium laevigatum, photographed by 葉子
fig. c 葉子, CC0 1.0 / obs. 150916471
Ixeridium laevigatum, photographed by 葉子
fig. d 葉子, CC0 1.0 / obs. 150930421
Ixeridium laevigatum, photographed by 葉子
fig. e 葉子, CC0 1.0 / obs. 123790580
Ixeridium laevigatum, photographed by 黃美滿
fig. f 黃美滿, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 118692751
Ixeridium laevigatum, photographed by 葉子
fig. g 葉子, CC0 1.0 / obs. 116775327
Ixeridium laevigatum, photographed by 葉子
fig. h 葉子, CC0 1.0 / obs. 116776758

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Native range 14 botanical countries

Regions where Ixeridium laevigatum is native: China Southeast, Hainan, Japan, Nansei-shoto, Taiwan, Cambodia, Jawa, Laos, New Guinea, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, West Himalaya China SoutheastHainanJapanTaiwanCambodiaJawaLaosNew GuineaPakistanPhilippinesThailandVietnamWest Himalaya Nansei-shoto
Native distribution of Ixeridium laevigatum, after Kew’s World Checklist of Vascular Plants. Introduced, extinct and doubtful records are excluded, so this is where the plant is from, not everywhere it now grows. Regions too small to draw at this scale are marked with a dot.
RegionTDWG codeContinent
Cambodia CBD ASIA-TROPICAL
Jawa JAW
Laos LAO
New Guinea NWG
Pakistan PAK
Philippines PHI
Thailand THA
Vietnam VIE
West Himalaya WHM
China Southeast CHS ASIA-TEMPERATE
Hainan CHH
Japan JAP
Nansei-shoto NNS
Taiwan TAI

Region boundaries approximated from Natural Earth (public domain) and mapped to TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) level-3 botanical countries (Brummitt 2001). Indicative, not the official WGSRPD geometry.

Flowering 97 in flower of 112 examined

Peak flowering in Feb. Each bar is the share of Ixeridium laevigatum observations in which someone actually recorded the reproductive state and found the plant in flower, not the raw number of flowering records. That distinction matters: people observe plants far more in spring than in winter, so a bare count of flowering records partly measures when people go outside. Dividing by the number examined removes that. 97 of 112 examined observations were in flower, every one of them research grade. The whisker on each bar is a 95% Wilson interval. This is still a global aggregate and not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres. Where a species has fewer than 30 flowering records we do not draw this chart at all. Computed from 10.15468/dl.cgje2x.

Also published as 37 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Aracium pygmaeum Miq.
  • Crepis laevigata (Blume) Sch.Bip. ex Zoll.
  • Crepis papuana S.Moore
  • Ixeridium laevigatum (Blume) C.Shih
  • Ixeridium oldhamii (Maxim.) Sennikov
  • Ixeridium pusillum (Mattf.) Pak & Kawano
  • Ixeridium pygmaeum (Zoll. & Moritzi) Pak & Kawano
  • Ixeris laevigata (Blume) Stebbins
  • Ixeris laevigata (Blume) Sch.Bip. ex Maxim.
  • Ixeris laevigata (Blume) Yamam.
  • Ixeris laevigata var. laevigata
  • Ixeris laevigata var. lanceolata (Makino) Kitam.
  • Ixeris laevigata var. oldhamii (Maxim.) Kitam.
  • Ixeris lamii (Mattf.) Stebbins
  • Ixeris oldhamii (Maxim.) Kitam.
  • Ixeris papuana (S.Moore) Stebbins
  • Ixeris prolixa (S.Moore) Stebbins
  • Ixeris pusilla (Mattf.) Stebbins
  • Ixeris pygmaea (Zoll. & Moritzi) Stebbins
  • Ixeris stenophylla (Makino) Masam.
  • Ixeris umbellata (Mattf.) Stebbins
  • Lactuca dentata var. lanceolata Makino
  • Lactuca laevigata var. excisodentata J.Kost.
  • Lactuca laevigata var. laevigata

and 13 more.

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  3. Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16). native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form. CC BY 3.0. Retrieved 2026-06-04.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.