{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/isolepis-cernua/",
  "last_modified": "2025-06-12",
  "id": {
    "slug": "isolepis-cernua",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000448337",
    "inat_taxon_id": 60257
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Isolepis cernua",
    "authorship": "(Vahl) Roem. & Schult.",
    "genus": "Isolepis",
    "epithet": "cernua",
    "family": "Cyperaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 2: 106 (1817)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.cyperaceae.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1678917",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Slender Club-rush",
      "english": [
        "Slender Club-rush",
        "low bulrush"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Cyperus ambiguus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus pumilio",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus pumilio",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleogiton cernua",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) A.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleogiton verruculosa",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) A.Dietr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fimbristylis pygmaea",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis brachyphylla",
        "authorship": "J.Presl & C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis brevifolia",
        "authorship": "J.Presl & C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis brevis",
        "authorship": "(d'Urv.) Brongn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis cernua f. aphylla",
        "authorship": "(Boeckeler) Vegetti"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis chaetodes",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis chlorostachya",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis controversa",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis eckloniana",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis erubescens",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis furcata",
        "authorship": "Nees & Meyen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis fuscata",
        "authorship": "Meyen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis fuscata",
        "authorship": "Meyen ex Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis heterolepis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis heterophylla",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis kochii",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis leptalea",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis leptocaulis",
        "authorship": "Torr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis magellanica",
        "authorship": "Gaudich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis meruensis",
        "authorship": "R.W.Haines & Lye"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis meyeniana",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis microcarpa",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis minaae",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis modesta",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis monostachya",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis nervosa var. campana",
        "authorship": "(A.Terracc.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis nervosa var. sicula",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis numidiana",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis pholiodes",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis platycarpa",
        "authorship": "(S.T.Blake) Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis prolifera",
        "authorship": "Melliss"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis ptycholeptos",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis pumila",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis pumilo",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis punctulata",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis pygmaea",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis pygmaea var. brevis",
        "authorship": "(d'Urv.) Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis pygmaea var. californica",
        "authorship": "Torr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis pygmaea var. elongata",
        "authorship": "Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis pygmaea var. pallida",
        "authorship": "É.Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis pygmaea var. sanguinea",
        "authorship": "É.Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis riparia",
        "authorship": "R.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis rupestris",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis saviana",
        "authorship": "Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis saviana var. tenuis",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis savii",
        "authorship": "(Sebast. & Mauri) Tineo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis savii",
        "authorship": "Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis setiformis",
        "authorship": "(Benth.) K.L.Wilson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis setosa",
        "authorship": "A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis sicula",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis striatella",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis subprolifer",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis tenuipes",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis tenuis",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis trachycarpa",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis trigyna",
        "authorship": "Kunze ex Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Isolepis verrucosula",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Schoenoplectus cernuus",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Schoenoplectus savii",
        "authorship": "Palla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Schoenus nitens",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus acicularis",
        "authorship": "Ucria"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus aphyllus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus arechavaletae",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus arenarius",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus arenarius var. setiformis",
        "authorship": "Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus brevis",
        "authorship": "d'Urv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus f. aphyllus",
        "authorship": "(Boeckeler) Barros"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus f. macrostachyus",
        "authorship": "Maire & Weiller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus f. pygmaeus",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Lindm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus subsp. californicus",
        "authorship": "(Torr.) Thorne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus var. brevis",
        "authorship": "(d'Urv.) Skottsb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus var. californicus",
        "authorship": "(Torr.) Beetle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus var. durus",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus var. pygmaeus",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Dusén"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus cernuus var. vahlii",
        "authorship": "(Lange) O.Bolòs & Vigo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus chaetodes",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus chloroticus",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus filiformis",
        "authorship": "Savi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus gracilis",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus hookeri",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus leptaleus",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus microstachys",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus minaae",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus minimus",
        "authorship": "Hook. & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus modestus",
        "authorship": "(Phil.) F.Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus nervosus var. campanus",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus nervosus var. siculus",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus nudipes",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus numidianus",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus pictus",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus platycarpus",
        "authorship": "S.T.Blake"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus psammophilus",
        "authorship": "S.T.Blake"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus pumilus",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus pygmaeus",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus riparius",
        "authorship": "(R.Br.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii",
        "authorship": "Sebast. & Mauri"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii f. controversus",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii f. todaroanus",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii subsp. campanus",
        "authorship": "(A.Terracc.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii subsp. minaae",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii subsp. vahlii",
        "authorship": "(Lange) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii var. filiformis",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii var. fuscescens",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii var. kochii",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii var. leptaleus",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii var. major",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii var. minaae",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Firoi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii var. mixtus",
        "authorship": "Marcet"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus savii var. vahlii",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus setaceus subsp. savii",
        "authorship": "(Sebast. & Mauri) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus setaceus var. pygmaeus",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Boeck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus setaceus var. pygmaeus",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus setaceus var. savii",
        "authorship": "(Sebast. & Mauri) Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus setiformis",
        "authorship": "(Benth.) S.T.Blake"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus subprolifer",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus subtilis",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus terminalis",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus verrucosulus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus verrucosulus var. pterocaryon",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke ex Bolus & Wolley-Dod"
      }
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        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/187017007/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/187017007/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/187017007/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/187017007/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Arnim Littek, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 185981064,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Arnim Littek",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/arnim",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/25251b97-370c-4fd4-bb64-5a59789228ef",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-03",
        "lat": -40.468,
        "lon": 175.215,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/185981064/r1/400.avif",
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          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/185981064/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/185981064/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Arnim Littek, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "AZO",
      "CNY",
      "CPP",
      "CVI",
      "ETH",
      "OFS",
      "NAT",
      "LES",
      "LBY",
      "MDR",
      "MOR",
      "TVL",
      "TAN",
      "TUN",
      "FAL",
      "TDC",
      "CYP",
      "EAI",
      "LBS",
      "PAL",
      "TUR",
      "ATP",
      "CTM",
      "KER",
      "NSW",
      "NZN",
      "NZS",
      "NFK",
      "QLD",
      "SOA",
      "TAS",
      "VIC",
      "WAU",
      "ALB",
      "BAL",
      "COR",
      "FRA",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "YUG",
      "POR",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "SPA",
      "TUE",
      "BRC",
      "CAL",
      "MXN",
      "ORE",
      "TEX",
      "WAS",
      "AGE",
      "AGW",
      "AGS",
      "BOL",
      "BZS",
      "CLC",
      "CLN",
      "CLS",
      "CLM",
      "ECU",
      "JNF",
      "PER",
      "URU"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AZO",
        "name": "Azores",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CNY",
        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDR",
        "name": "Madeira",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "FAL",
        "name": "Falkland Is.",
        "continent": "ANTARCTICA",
        "region": "Subantarctic Islands"
      },
      {
        "code": "TDC",
        "name": "Tristan da Cunha",
        "continent": "ANTARCTICA",
        "region": "Subantarctic Islands"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ATP",
        "name": "Antipodean Is.",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "New Zealand"
      },
      {
        "code": "CTM",
        "name": "Chatham Is.",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "New Zealand"
      },
      {
        "code": "KER",
        "name": "Kermadec Is.",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "New Zealand"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NZN",
        "name": "New Zealand North",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "New Zealand"
      },
      {
        "code": "NZS",
        "name": "New Zealand South",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "New Zealand"
      },
      {
        "code": "NFK",
        "name": "Norfolk Is.",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOA",
        "name": "South Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAS",
        "name": "Tasmania",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIC",
        "name": "Victoria",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRC",
        "name": "British Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGS",
        "name": "Argentina South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLC",
        "name": "Chile Central",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLN",
        "name": "Chile North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLS",
        "name": "Chile South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JNF",
        "name": "Juan Fernández Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "URU",
        "name": "Uruguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 44,
    "n_annotated": 288,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      3,
      4,
      0,
      0,
      7,
      3,
      6,
      4,
      2,
      4,
      8,
      3
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      32,
      20,
      22,
      33,
      33,
      23,
      12,
      11,
      8,
      18,
      34,
      42
    ],
    "share": [
      0.0938,
      0.2,
      0,
      0,
      0.2121,
      0.1304,
      0.5,
      0.3636,
      0.25,
      0.2222,
      0.2353,
      0.0714
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.0324,
        0.2422
      ],
      [
        0.0807,
        0.416
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1487
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1043
      ],
      [
        0.1068,
        0.3775
      ],
      [
        0.0454,
        0.3213
      ],
      [
        0.2538,
        0.7462
      ],
      [
        0.1517,
        0.6462
      ],
      [
        0.0715,
        0.5907
      ],
      [
        0.09,
        0.4522
      ],
      [
        0.1244,
        0.4
      ],
      [
        0.0246,
        0.1901
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 7,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 202,
      "by_month": [
        24,
        12,
        18,
        24,
        24,
        20,
        5,
        7,
        7,
        6,
        18,
        37
      ],
      "share": [
        0.75,
        0.6,
        0.8182,
        0.7273,
        0.7273,
        0.8696,
        0.4167,
        0.6364,
        0.875,
        0.3333,
        0.5294,
        0.881
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.5789,
          0.8675
        ],
        [
          0.3866,
          0.7812
        ],
        [
          0.6148,
          0.9269
        ],
        [
          0.5578,
          0.8493
        ],
        [
          0.5578,
          0.8493
        ],
        [
          0.6787,
          0.9546
        ],
        [
          0.1933,
          0.6805
        ],
        [
          0.3538,
          0.8483
        ],
        [
          0.5291,
          0.9776
        ],
        [
          0.1628,
          0.5625
        ],
        [
          0.3674,
          0.6855
        ],
        [
          0.75,
          0.9481
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 12
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual or perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 10.5,
      "median": 13.7,
      "p95": 16.9
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 168,
      "median": 272.3,
      "p95": 443.6
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 16.3,
      "median": 20.5,
      "p95": 27
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 3.2,
      "median": 7.4,
      "p95": 11.4
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 519.2,
      "median": 1166.1,
      "p95": 2276.9
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12,
      "median": 21.6,
      "p95": 92.7
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 5.4,
      "median": 203.1,
      "p95": 309.7
    },
    "n": 999,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 999 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/isolepis-cernua/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}