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  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
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    "wfo": "wfo-0001257038",
    "inat_taxon_id": 884816
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Hydrangea serrata",
    "authorship": "(Thunb.) Ser.",
    "genus": "Hydrangea",
    "epithet": "serrata",
    "family": "Hydrangeaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Prodr. 4: 15 (1830)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:791682-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "mountain hydrangea, tea of heaven",
      "english": [
        "mountain hydrangea, tea of heaven"
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      "source": "wikidata"
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    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Hortensia cuspidata",
        "authorship": "(Thunb.) H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hortensia cuspidata f. yesoensis",
        "authorship": "(Koidz.) H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hortensia japonica",
        "authorship": "(Siebold) H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hortensia serrata",
        "authorship": "(Thunb.) H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hortensia serrata f. belladonna",
        "authorship": "(Kitam.) H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hortensia serrata f. plenidecuris",
        "authorship": "H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hortensia serrata f. prolifera",
        "authorship": "(Regel) H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hortensia serrata var. angustata",
        "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hortensia serrata var. thunbergii",
        "authorship": "H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea acuminata var. buergeri",
        "authorship": "Siebold & Zucc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea belzonii",
        "authorship": "Siebold & Zucc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea buergeri",
        "authorship": "Siebold & Zucc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea coreana",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea cuspidata",
        "authorship": "(Thunb.) Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea cuspidata",
        "authorship": "Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea cyanea",
        "authorship": "G.W.Johnson & R.Hogg"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea hortensia var. belzonii",
        "authorship": "(Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea hortensia var. caerulea",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea hortensia var. japonica",
        "authorship": "(Siebold) Maxim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea hortensia var. stellata",
        "authorship": "Maxim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea hortensis var. angustata",
        "authorship": "Franch. & Sav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea hortensis var. lindleyana",
        "authorship": "G.Nicholson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea hortensis var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Franch. & Sav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea hortensis var. rosalba",
        "authorship": "(Van Houtte) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea japonica",
        "authorship": "Siebold"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea japonica var. benkaku",
        "authorship": "Siebold"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea japonica var. caerulea",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea japonica var. konkaku",
        "authorship": "Siebold"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea japonica var. lindleyi",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea japonica var. rosalba",
        "authorship": "Van Houtte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea japonica var. rosea",
        "authorship": "Siebold & Zucc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea lindleyana",
        "authorship": "(G.Nicholson) G.Nicholson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. buergeri",
        "authorship": "(Nakai) Y.N.Lee"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. caerulea",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) E.H.Wilson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. cuspidata",
        "authorship": "(Thunb.) H.Hara"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. fertilis",
        "authorship": "(Nakai) Y.N.Lee"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. prolifera",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) Makino & Nemoto"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. pulchella",
        "authorship": "Hayashi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. rosea",
        "authorship": "E.H.Wilson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. setulifera",
        "authorship": "(Koidz.) H.Hara"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla f. yesoensis",
        "authorship": "(Koidz.) Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla subsp. angustata",
        "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) Kitam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla subsp. serrata",
        "authorship": "(Thunb.) Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla subsp. yesoensis",
        "authorship": "(Koidz.) Kitam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla subvar. omacha",
        "authorship": "Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla var. alboglobosa",
        "authorship": "Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla var. amagiana",
        "authorship": "Makino"
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      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla var. amoena",
        "authorship": "Makino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla var. belzonii",
        "authorship": "(Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla var. megacarpa",
        "authorship": "Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea macrophylla var. stellata",
        "authorship": "(Maxim.) Makino & Nemoto"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea opuloides f. caerulea",
        "authorship": "(Hook.) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea opuloides var. angustata",
        "authorship": "Matsum."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea opuloides var. belzonii",
        "authorship": "(Siebold & Zucc.) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea opuloides var. lindleyana",
        "authorship": "(G.Nicholson) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea opuloides var. prolifera",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea opuloides var. rosalba",
        "authorship": "(Van Houtte) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea opuloides var. stellata",
        "authorship": "(Maxim.) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea pubescens",
        "authorship": "Courtois"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. alba",
        "authorship": "(Honda) Sugim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. alborosea",
        "authorship": "(Koidz.) Sugim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. belladonna",
        "authorship": "Kitam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. buergeri",
        "authorship": "(Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. coreana",
        "authorship": "(Nakai) T.B.Lee"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. cuspidata",
        "authorship": "(Thunb.) Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. elongata",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. fertilis",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. prolifera",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) E.H.Wilson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. rosalba",
        "authorship": "(Van Houtte) E.H.Wilson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata f. rosea",
        "authorship": "(E.H.Wilson) Sugim."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata subsp. angustata",
        "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) Kitam."
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      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata subsp. yesoensis",
        "authorship": "(Koidz.) Kitam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata var. coreana",
        "authorship": "(Nakai) Nakai"
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        "name": "Hydrangea serrata var. japonica",
        "authorship": "(Siebold) H.Ohba & S.Akiyama"
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      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata var. megacarpa",
        "authorship": "(Ohwi) H.Ohba"
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      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata var. repens",
        "authorship": "Sugim."
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      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata var. setulifera",
        "authorship": "Koidz."
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        "name": "Hydrangea serrata var. stellata",
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      {
        "name": "Hydrangea serrata var. thunbergii",
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        "name": "Hydrangea sitsitan",
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        "name": "Hydrangea stellata",
        "authorship": "Siebold & Zucc."
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      {
        "name": "Hydrangea stellata var. prolifera",
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        "name": "Hydrangea thunbergii",
        "authorship": "Siebold"
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        "name": "Hydrangea yesoensis",
        "authorship": "Koidz."
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        "name": "Hydrangea yesoensis f. alba",
        "authorship": "Honda"
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        "name": "Hydrangea yesoensis var. rosalba",
        "authorship": "(Van Houtte) Koidz."
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      {
        "name": "Platycrater serrata",
        "authorship": "(Thunb.) Makino"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrangea_serrata"
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    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 8.6,
      "median": 12.1,
      "p95": 16.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 643.3,
      "median": 799,
      "p95": 987.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23.2,
      "median": 26.3,
      "p95": 29.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -10.2,
      "median": -4.2,
      "p95": 3.8
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 1296.4,
      "median": 1809.3,
      "p95": 2955.4
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 20.8,
      "median": 58.9,
      "p95": 101
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 64.3,
      "median": 189.7,
      "p95": 536.4
    },
    "n": 167,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 167 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 17 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/hydrangea-serrata/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}