{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/hibiscus-tiliaceus/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "hibiscus-tiliaceus",
    "wfo": "wfo-1000064164",
    "inat_taxon_id": 62868
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Hibiscus tiliaceus",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Hibiscus",
    "epithet": "tiliaceus",
    "family": "Malvaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. [Linnaeus] 2: 694 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "sea hibiscus",
      "english": [
        "sea hibiscus"
      ],
      "source": "usda"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Abelmoschus guineensis",
        "authorship": "Walp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus abutiloides",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus albovariegata",
        "authorship": "W.Bull"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus arboreus",
        "authorship": "Ham."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus azanzae",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus boninensis",
        "authorship": "Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus bracteosus",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus circinnatus",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus corrugatus",
        "authorship": "J.W.Moore"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus fragrantissimus",
        "authorship": "Sessé & Moc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus guineensis",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus hastatus",
        "authorship": "L.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus pernambucensis",
        "authorship": "Arruda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus pernambucensis",
        "authorship": "Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus porophyllus",
        "authorship": "Vell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus f. albiflorus",
        "authorship": "(O.Deg. & Greenwell) St.John."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus f. immaculatus",
        "authorship": "(O.Deg. & Greenwell) St.John."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus f. variegatus",
        "authorship": "Guillaumin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus subsp. hastatus",
        "authorship": "(L.f.) Borss.Waalk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus subsp. pernambucensis",
        "authorship": "(Arruda) A.Cast."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus var. abutiloides",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Hochr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus var. calyculosus",
        "authorship": "Gagnep."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus var. concolor",
        "authorship": "Gagnep."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus var. genuinus",
        "authorship": "Hochr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus var. henryanus",
        "authorship": "F.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus var. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Seem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus var. sterilis",
        "authorship": "F.Br."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliaceus var. tortuosus",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Mast."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tiliifolius",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tortuosus",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus tricuspis",
        "authorship": "Banks ex Cav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Kosteletzkya hastata",
        "authorship": "Garcke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Parita tiliaceus",
        "authorship": "Scop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti abutiloides",
        "authorship": "G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti azanzae",
        "authorship": "(DC.) G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti boninense",
        "authorship": "(Nakai) Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti circinnatum",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti elatum var. abutiloides",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti grande",
        "authorship": "Britton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti guineense",
        "authorship": "G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti hastatum",
        "authorship": "(L.f.) O.Deg. & Greenwell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti pernambucense",
        "authorship": "(Arruda) G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Seem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti tiliaceum",
        "authorship": "(L.) A.Juss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti tiliaceum f. albiflorum",
        "authorship": "O.Deg. & Greenwell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti tiliaceum f. immaculatum",
        "authorship": "O.Deg. & Greenwell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti tiliaceum var. abortivum",
        "authorship": "Nadeaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti tiliaceum var. potteri",
        "authorship": "O.Deg. & Greenwell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti tiliaceum var. trilobatum",
        "authorship": "Nadeaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti tiliifolium",
        "authorship": "(Salisb.) Nakai"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti tortuosum",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Voigt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pariti tricuspe",
        "authorship": "G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paritium pernambucense",
        "authorship": "(Arruda) G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Talipariti crestaense",
        "authorship": "(Borss.Waalk.) Fryxell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Talipariti hastatum",
        "authorship": "(L.f.) Fryxell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Talipariti pernambucense",
        "authorship": "(Arruda) Bovini"
      },
      {
        "name": "Talipariti potteri",
        "authorship": "(O.Deg. & Greenwell) Fryxell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Talipariti tiliaceum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Fryxell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Talipariti tiliaceum var. chihsinlinensis",
        "authorship": "S.S.Ying"
      },
      {
        "name": "Talipariti tiliaceum var. pernambucense",
        "authorship": "(Arruda) Fryxell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Talipariti tortuosum",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Fryxell"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 979,
    "licences": [
      "CC0",
      "CC-BY",
      "CC-BY-SA"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 202882219,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Greg Tasney",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/gregtasney",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8fe0228e-439b-4804-bdc6-18f123fdc0e4",
        "observed_on": "2022-06-02",
        "lat": -27.336,
        "lon": 153.079,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202882219/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202882219/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202882219/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/202882219/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Greg Tasney, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 198007476,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tyler Bishop",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/zoology123",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/472920c4-40b5-4125-923d-c3ef1f3810a8",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-15",
        "lat": 19.923,
        "lon": -155.871,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198007476/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198007476/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198007476/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/198007476/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tyler Bishop, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 197986795,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tyler Bishop",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/zoology123",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/78293d78-daaf-416a-bf35-b85eb3fb09c0",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-15",
        "lat": 20.175,
        "lon": -155.898,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197986795/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197986795/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197986795/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197986795/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tyler Bishop, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 201709310,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Gary Williams",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/clintsteel",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/3e110894-56d0-47aa-aa97-d0c495e63078",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-06",
        "lat": -29.882,
        "lon": 153.265,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201709310/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201709310/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201709310/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/201709310/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Gary Williams, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 199614550,
        "license": "CC0",
        "license_name": "CC0 1.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Jean-Paul Boerekamps",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/jeanpaulboerekamps",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83378c75-97a7-43c4-b211-6d9cf8e8cc35",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-05",
        "lat": -28.126,
        "lon": 32.558,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199614550/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199614550/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199614550/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/199614550/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Jean-Paul Boerekamps, CC0 1.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 195011145,
        "license": "CC-BY-SA",
        "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": true,
        "creator": "Ong Jyh Seng",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/ongzi",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2c96e3cc-a5bc-4538-a231-81b6fbab97a0",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-05",
        "lat": 2.478,
        "lon": 101.844,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195011145/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195011145/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195011145/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195011145/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Ong Jyh Seng, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 192804211,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Cheng-Te Hsu",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/chengte",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/544b2e6b-ec9c-4cbf-ae48-9fbe2dfdca03",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-01",
        "lat": 24.192,
        "lon": 121.662,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 576
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/192804211/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/192804211/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/192804211/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/192804211/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Cheng-Te Hsu, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 200570031,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Jon Sullivan",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/jon_sullivan",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7ea9997a-c991-43fa-a983-130ae524900c",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-20",
        "lat": -21.227,
        "lon": -159.794,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200570031/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200570031/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200570031/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200570031/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Jon Sullivan, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALD",
      "CAB",
      "CMN",
      "CPP",
      "COM",
      "CON",
      "ZAI",
      "GAB",
      "GAM",
      "GHA",
      "GUI",
      "GNB",
      "GGI",
      "IVO",
      "KEN",
      "NAT",
      "LBR",
      "MOZ",
      "NGA",
      "ROD",
      "SEN",
      "SEY",
      "SIE",
      "TAN",
      "CHS",
      "CHH",
      "JAP",
      "KZN",
      "NNS",
      "OGA",
      "TAI",
      "AND",
      "ASS",
      "BAN",
      "BIS",
      "BOR",
      "CBD",
      "XMS",
      "CKI",
      "IND",
      "JAW",
      "LDV",
      "LAO",
      "LSI",
      "MLY",
      "MDV",
      "MOL",
      "MYA",
      "NWG",
      "NCB",
      "PHI",
      "SOL",
      "SRL",
      "SUL",
      "SUM",
      "THA",
      "VIE",
      "KER",
      "NSW",
      "NFK",
      "NTA",
      "QLD",
      "WAU",
      "MXI",
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXT",
      "MXS",
      "CRL",
      "COO",
      "FIJ",
      "GIL",
      "HAW",
      "MRN",
      "MRQ",
      "MRS",
      "NRU",
      "NWC",
      "NUE",
      "PIT",
      "SAM",
      "SCZ",
      "SCI",
      "TOK",
      "TON",
      "TUA",
      "TUB",
      "TUV",
      "VAN",
      "WAL",
      "BAH",
      "BLZ",
      "BZN",
      "BZE",
      "BZS",
      "BZL",
      "CAY",
      "CPI",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "CUB",
      "DOM",
      "ECU",
      "ELS",
      "FRG",
      "GUA",
      "GUY",
      "HAI",
      "HON",
      "JAM",
      "LEE",
      "NIC",
      "PAN",
      "PUE",
      "SWC",
      "SUR",
      "TRT",
      "VEN",
      "VNA",
      "WIN"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALD",
        "name": "Aldabra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAB",
        "name": "Cabinda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNB",
        "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROD",
        "name": "Rodrigues",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KZN",
        "name": "Kazan-retto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OGA",
        "name": "Ogasawara-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BIS",
        "name": "Bismarck Archipelago",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "XMS",
        "name": "Christmas I.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CKI",
        "name": "Cocos (Keeling) Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LDV",
        "name": "Laccadive Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDV",
        "name": "Maldives",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOL",
        "name": "Solomon Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "KER",
        "name": "Kermadec Is.",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "New Zealand"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSW",
        "name": "New South Wales",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NFK",
        "name": "Norfolk Is.",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NTA",
        "name": "Northern Territory",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "QLD",
        "name": "Queensland",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAU",
        "name": "Western Australia",
        "continent": "AUSTRALASIA",
        "region": "Australia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXI",
        "name": "Mexican Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "CRL",
        "name": "Caroline Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "COO",
        "name": "Cook Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "GIL",
        "name": "Gilbert Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAW",
        "name": "Hawaii",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "North-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRS",
        "name": "Marshall Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NRU",
        "name": "Nauru",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWC",
        "name": "New Caledonia",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUE",
        "name": "Niue",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "PIT",
        "name": "Pitcairn Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCZ",
        "name": "Santa Cruz Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCI",
        "name": "Society Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOK",
        "name": "Tokelau-Manihiki",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TON",
        "name": "Tonga",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUA",
        "name": "Tuamotu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUB",
        "name": "Tubuai Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUV",
        "name": "Tuvalu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "VAN",
        "name": "Vanuatu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "WAL",
        "name": "Wallis-Futuna Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAH",
        "name": "Bahamas",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZS",
        "name": "Brazil South",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZL",
        "name": "Brazil Southeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAY",
        "name": "Cayman Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPI",
        "name": "Central American Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAN",
        "name": "Panamá",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWC",
        "name": "Southwest Caribbean",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "TRT",
        "name": "Trinidad-Tobago",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 522,
    "n_annotated": 775,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      67,
      29,
      40,
      36,
      35,
      49,
      65,
      35,
      37,
      33,
      50,
      46
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      84,
      38,
      57,
      91,
      47,
      62,
      91,
      55,
      59,
      53,
      70,
      68
    ],
    "share": [
      0.7976,
      0.7632,
      0.7018,
      0.3956,
      0.7447,
      0.7903,
      0.7143,
      0.6364,
      0.6271,
      0.6226,
      0.7143,
      0.6765
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.6996,
        0.8696
      ],
      [
        0.6079,
        0.8701
      ],
      [
        0.5734,
        0.8047
      ],
      [
        0.3013,
        0.4983
      ],
      [
        0.6049,
        0.8475
      ],
      [
        0.6736,
        0.8732
      ],
      [
        0.6143,
        0.7969
      ],
      [
        0.5042,
        0.7507
      ],
      [
        0.4995,
        0.7392
      ],
      [
        0.4881,
        0.7406
      ],
      [
        0.5995,
        0.8068
      ],
      [
        0.5584,
        0.7756
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 1,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 101,
      "by_month": [
        17,
        1,
        8,
        17,
        3,
        2,
        14,
        10,
        7,
        10,
        6,
        6
      ],
      "share": [
        0.2024,
        0.0263,
        0.1404,
        0.1868,
        0.0638,
        0.0323,
        0.1538,
        0.1818,
        0.1186,
        0.1887,
        0.0857,
        0.0882
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.1304,
          0.3004
        ],
        [
          0.0047,
          0.135
        ],
        [
          0.0729,
          0.2532
        ],
        [
          0.12,
          0.279
        ],
        [
          0.0219,
          0.1716
        ],
        [
          0.0089,
          0.1102
        ],
        [
          0.0939,
          0.2418
        ],
        [
          0.1019,
          0.3033
        ],
        [
          0.0587,
          0.2252
        ],
        [
          0.1059,
          0.3136
        ],
        [
          0.0399,
          0.1747
        ],
        [
          0.0411,
          0.1794
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 1
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub or tree",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 20.4,
      "median": 23.5,
      "p95": 27.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 46.6,
      "median": 219.3,
      "p95": 471.1
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 25.6,
      "median": 28.6,
      "p95": 31
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 12,
      "median": 17.9,
      "p95": 24.9
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 856.5,
      "median": 1854.9,
      "p95": 3615.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 19.9,
      "median": 45.6,
      "p95": 99.3
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 51,
      "median": 161.2,
      "p95": 597.3
    },
    "n": 1996,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1996 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "USDA PLANTS Database",
      "note": "common name, checklist symbol HITI",
      "license": "public domain",
      "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/hibiscus-tiliaceus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}