{
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  "last_modified": "2024-06-05",
  "id": {
    "slug": "heteropogon-contortus",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000874166",
    "inat_taxon_id": 77394
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Heteropogon contortus",
    "authorship": "(L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.",
    "genus": "Heteropogon",
    "epithet": "contortus",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 2: 836 (1817)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:404772-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Pili grass",
      "english": [
        "Pili grass",
        "Spear grass",
        "Tanglehead",
        "Twisted beardgrass",
        "tanglehead"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Andropogon allionii",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon austrocaledonicus",
        "authorship": "Vieill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon bellardii",
        "authorship": "Bubani"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon besukiensis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortus",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortus subvar. hispidissimus",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortus subvar. roxburghii",
        "authorship": "(Arn. ex Nees) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortus subvar. secundus",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortus var. breviaristatus",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortus var. contortus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortus var. glaber",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortus var. macroglumis",
        "authorship": "Pilg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon contortus var. maroccanus",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon firmus",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon glaber",
        "authorship": "Raspail"
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon hispidissimus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon hohenackeri",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon messanensis",
        "authorship": "Biv. ex Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon polystachyos",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Andropogon secundus",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon allionii",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon allionii var. messanensis",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon allionii var. secundus",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon besukiensis",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon contortus subvar. secundus",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon contortus var. allionii",
        "authorship": "(Roem. & Schult.) Cuénod"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon contortus var. contortus",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon contortus var. distichus",
        "authorship": "C.E.C.Fisch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon contortus var. glaber",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon contortus var. hirtus",
        "authorship": "(Pers.) Fenzl ex Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon contortus var. hispidissimus",
        "authorship": "(Hack.) M.R.Almeida"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon contortus var. polystachyos",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Deshp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon fertilis",
        "authorship": "B.S.Sun & S.Wang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon firmus",
        "authorship": "J.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon fischerianus",
        "authorship": "Bor"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon glaber",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon glaber var. messanensis",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon hirsutus",
        "authorship": "P.Beauv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon hirtus",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon hirtus var. glaber",
        "authorship": "(Pers.) Rendle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon hispidissimus",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon hohenackeri",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Miq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon messanensis",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon polystachyos",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heteropogon roxburghii",
        "authorship": "Arn. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Holcus contortus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Stuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Holcus contortus var. secundus",
        "authorship": "Hack. ex Stuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sorghum contortum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteropogon_contortus"
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      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROD",
        "name": "Rodrigues",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "AND",
        "name": "Andaman Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LDV",
        "name": "Laccadive Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCB",
        "name": "Nicobar Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "FLA",
        "name": "Florida",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXI",
        "name": "Mexican Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAW",
        "name": "Hawaii",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "North-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWC",
        "name": "New Caledonia",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCI",
        "name": "Society Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TON",
        "name": "Tonga",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGE",
        "name": "Argentina Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "AGW",
        "name": "Argentina Northwest",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLZ",
        "name": "Belize",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOL",
        "name": "Bolivia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZN",
        "name": "Brazil North",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "CUB",
        "name": "Cuba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "DOM",
        "name": "Dominican Republic",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HAI",
        "name": "Haiti",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAM",
        "name": "Jamaica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "LEE",
        "name": "Leeward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NLA",
        "name": "Netherlands Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAR",
        "name": "Paraguay",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PER",
        "name": "Peru",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "PUE",
        "name": "Puerto Rico",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "WIN",
        "name": "Windward Is.",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 58,
    "n_annotated": 115,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      4,
      2,
      8,
      9,
      6,
      4,
      1,
      1,
      3,
      11,
      5,
      4
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      6,
      5,
      11,
      18,
      18,
      7,
      6,
      2,
      7,
      16,
      9,
      10
    ],
    "share": [
      0.6667,
      0.4,
      0.7273,
      0.5,
      0.3333,
      0.5714,
      0.1667,
      null,
      0.4286,
      0.6875,
      0.5556,
      0.4
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.3,
        0.9032
      ],
      [
        0.1176,
        0.7693
      ],
      [
        0.4343,
        0.9025
      ],
      [
        0.2903,
        0.7097
      ],
      [
        0.1628,
        0.5625
      ],
      [
        0.2505,
        0.8418
      ],
      [
        0.0301,
        0.5635
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.1582,
        0.7495
      ],
      [
        0.444,
        0.8584
      ],
      [
        0.2666,
        0.8112
      ],
      [
        0.1682,
        0.6873
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 3,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 58,
      "by_month": [
        2,
        2,
        3,
        9,
        12,
        3,
        6,
        1,
        5,
        7,
        4,
        4
      ],
      "share": [
        0.3333,
        0.4,
        0.2727,
        0.5,
        0.6667,
        0.4286,
        1,
        null,
        0.7143,
        0.4375,
        0.4444,
        0.4
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.0968,
          0.7
        ],
        [
          0.1176,
          0.7693
        ],
        [
          0.0975,
          0.5657
        ],
        [
          0.2903,
          0.7097
        ],
        [
          0.4375,
          0.8372
        ],
        [
          0.1582,
          0.7495
        ],
        [
          0.6097,
          1
        ],
        null,
        [
          0.3589,
          0.9178
        ],
        [
          0.231,
          0.6682
        ],
        [
          0.1888,
          0.7334
        ],
        [
          0.1682,
          0.6873
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 7
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 15.6,
      "median": 20.5,
      "p95": 26.5
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 121.9,
      "median": 387.7,
      "p95": 726.2
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 25.6,
      "median": 30.5,
      "p95": 37.1
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 1.1,
      "median": 8.7,
      "p95": 20.3
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 308.5,
      "median": 729.2,
      "p95": 1703.8
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 30.9,
      "median": 69.6,
      "p95": 117.6
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 3.8,
      "median": 42.7,
      "p95": 173.8
    },
    "n": 1996,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1996 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/heteropogon-contortus/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}