{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/heracleum-sphondylium/",
  "last_modified": "2024-08-02",
  "id": {
    "slug": "heracleum-sphondylium",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000720220",
    "inat_taxon_id": 163682
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Heracleum sphondylium",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Heracleum",
    "epithet": "sphondylium",
    "family": "Apiaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 249 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:843179-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Hogweed",
      "english": [
        "Hogweed",
        "hogweed",
        "eltrot"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Heracleum acuminatum",
        "authorship": "Schleich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum aestivum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum algeriense",
        "authorship": "Coss. ex Batt. & Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum alpinum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum alpinum subsp. benearnense",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum alpinum subsp. juranum",
        "authorship": "(Genty) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum alpinum subsp. palmatum",
        "authorship": "(Baumg.) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum alpinum subsp. pyrenaicum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum alpinum var. pyrenaicum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum amplifolium",
        "authorship": "Lapeyr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum angustatum",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum angustifolium",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum angustifolium",
        "authorship": "M.Bieb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum armoricum",
        "authorship": "Boreau ex Arrond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum armoricum",
        "authorship": "Boreau ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum artvinense",
        "authorship": "Manden."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum asperum",
        "authorship": "Mert. & W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum atlanticum",
        "authorship": "(Coss. ex Batt.) T.Durand & B.D.Jacks."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum australe",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Stankov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum australe",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum australe f. wendtioides",
        "authorship": "Murb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum austriacum var. elegans",
        "authorship": "Crantz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum benearnense",
        "authorship": "Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum branca",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum branca-ursina",
        "authorship": "All."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum carneiflorum",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum ceretanum",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum chloranthum",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum cordatum",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum crantzii",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum delphinense",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum dubium",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum elegans",
        "authorship": "(Crantz) Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum fastuosum",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum flavescens subsp. chloranthum",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Janch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum granatense",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum intermedium",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum juranum",
        "authorship": "Genty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum laciniatum",
        "authorship": "Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum latifolium",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum lecokii var. aurasiacum",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum lecoqii var. aurasiacum",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum longifolium",
        "authorship": "Jacq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum macranthum",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum micranthum",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum montanum",
        "authorship": "Schleich. ex Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum moritzianum",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum occidentale",
        "authorship": "Boreau"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum orsinii",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum palmatilobum",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum palmatum",
        "authorship": "Baumg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum palmatum subsp. transsilvanicum",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum palmatum var. oetaeum",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum palmatum var. palmatisectum",
        "authorship": "Akinf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum panaces",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum panaces",
        "authorship": "Steph."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum panaces",
        "authorship": "DC. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum paniculatum",
        "authorship": "Lavy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum platyphyllum",
        "authorship": "Ramond ex DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum platyphyllum",
        "authorship": "Schloss. & Vuk. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pollinianum",
        "authorship": "Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pratense",
        "authorship": "Jord. ex F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum protheiforme",
        "authorship": "Crantz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum protheiforme var. angustifolium",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Crantz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum protheiforme var. elegans",
        "authorship": "Crantz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum protheiforme var. palmatum",
        "authorship": "Crantz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum protheiforme var. palmatum",
        "authorship": "Crantz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pyrenaicum",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pyrenaicum f. perelongatum",
        "authorship": "Reduron & Corriol"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pyrenaicum f. pinnatum",
        "authorship": "Reduron"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pyrenaicum f. setosum",
        "authorship": "(Lapeyr.) Reduron"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. cordatum",
        "authorship": "(Presl) F.Pedrotti & Pignatti"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. orsinii",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) F.Pedrotti & Pignatti"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum",
        "authorship": "(Bertol.) F.Pedrotti & Pignatti"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum pyrenaicum var. setosum",
        "authorship": "(Lapeyr.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum redolens",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum setosum",
        "authorship": "Lapeyr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum setosum var. granatense",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum setosum var. redolens",
        "authorship": "(Jord.) Rouy & E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sibiricum subsp. australe",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sibiricum subsp. longifolium",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sibiricum subsp. ternatum",
        "authorship": "(Velen.) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum simplicifolium",
        "authorship": "Wettst."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum simplicifolium",
        "authorship": "Herb. ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. aequiternatum",
        "authorship": "Reduron"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. angustifolium",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) Wohlf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. atropurpureum",
        "authorship": "(F.Malý) Nikolic"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. basiternatum",
        "authorship": "Reduron"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. commutatum",
        "authorship": "Gawł."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. dissectum",
        "authorship": "(Le Gall) Gawł."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. elegans",
        "authorship": "(Crantz) Reduron"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. intermedium",
        "authorship": "Gawł."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. latifolium",
        "authorship": "(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. latilobulatum",
        "authorship": "Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. mirabile",
        "authorship": "Gawł."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. pseudoalpinum",
        "authorship": "Callay"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. spectabile",
        "authorship": "Gawł."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. stenophyllum",
        "authorship": "(Gaudin) Gawł."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. subaequale",
        "authorship": "Gawł."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium f. trisegmentatum",
        "authorship": "Reduron"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. australe",
        "authorship": "(Hartm.) Ahlfv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. benearnense",
        "authorship": "(Rouy & E.G.Camus) Bonnier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. chloranthum",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Neumayer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. latifolium",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum",
        "authorship": "(Schleich. ex Gaudin) Briq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. panaces",
        "authorship": "Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. setosum",
        "authorship": "(Lapeyr.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium subsp. trachycarpum",
        "authorship": "(Soják) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium subvar. palmatum",
        "authorship": "(Crantz) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. aestivum",
        "authorship": "(Jord. ex Boreau) St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. angustifolium",
        "authorship": "(Jacq.) C.C.Gmel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. antiatlanticum",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. atlanticum",
        "authorship": "Coss. ex Batt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. australe",
        "authorship": "Hartm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. chaetocarpoides",
        "authorship": "Gawł."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. dissectum",
        "authorship": "Le Gall"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. elegans",
        "authorship": "(Crantz) C.C.Gmel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. eradiatum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. fontqueri",
        "authorship": "O.Bolòs & Vigo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. incanum",
        "authorship": "Moritzi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. lasiocarpum",
        "authorship": "Boenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. latifolium",
        "authorship": "(Gaudin) Mert. & W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. macrocarpum",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. mesatlanticum",
        "authorship": "Quézel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. montanum",
        "authorship": "(Schleich. ex Gaudin) Moritzi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. palmatum",
        "authorship": "(Crantz) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. pratense",
        "authorship": "(Jord. ex F.W.Schultz) St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. pyrenaicum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Bolzon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. rotundatum",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. stenophyllum",
        "authorship": "(Gaudin) Moritzi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. stenophyllum",
        "authorship": "Gaudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. suaveolens",
        "authorship": "Litard. & Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. subregulare",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. trifoliolatum",
        "authorship": "(Blanch.) Reduron"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum sphondylium var. triphyllum",
        "authorship": "Emb. & Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum stenophyllum",
        "authorship": "Jord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum stenophyllum subsp. angustatum",
        "authorship": "(Boreau) Berher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum stiriacum",
        "authorship": "Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum suecicum",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum tauricum",
        "authorship": "Steven ex Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum ternatum",
        "authorship": "Velen."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum testiculatum",
        "authorship": "Lapeyr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum trachycarpum",
        "authorship": "Soják"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum transsilvanicum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum trifoliolatum",
        "authorship": "Blanch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Heracleum verticillatum",
        "authorship": "Pančić"
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca alpina",
        "authorship": "(L.) Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca cordata",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca granatensis",
        "authorship": "Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca montana",
        "authorship": "Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca orsinii",
        "authorship": "Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca palmata",
        "authorship": "Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca pyrenaica",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca setosa",
        "authorship": "Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca sphondylium",
        "authorship": "Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca stenophylla",
        "authorship": "(Jord.) Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Pastinaca verticillata",
        "authorship": "(Pančić) Calest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Selinum alpinum",
        "authorship": "(L.) E.H.L.Krause"
      },
      {
        "name": "Selinum sphondylium",
        "authorship": "E.H.L.Krause"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium alpinum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Caruel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium alpinum",
        "authorship": "Scop. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium branca",
        "authorship": "Scop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium conforme",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium decipiens",
        "authorship": "Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium longifolium",
        "authorship": "Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium panaces",
        "authorship": "Gaertn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium proteiforme",
        "authorship": "Bubani"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium vulgare",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Sphondylium vulgare var. laciniatum",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Wendia alpina",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleum_sphondylium"
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    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
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      "location_doubtful"
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    "codes": [
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    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 1523,
    "n_annotated": 2627,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      23,
      5,
      12,
      28,
      115,
      348,
      468,
      170,
      79,
      127,
      98,
      50
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      36,
      24,
      98,
      233,
      306,
      511,
      594,
      306,
      147,
      170,
      133,
      69
    ],
    "share": [
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      0.2083,
      0.1224,
      0.1202,
      0.3758,
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      0.5556,
      0.5374,
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    "ci": [
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        0.7752
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        0.0715,
        0.2019
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        0.1682
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        0.3234,
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        0.6394,
        0.72
      ],
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        0.7532,
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        0.4995,
        0.6102
      ],
      [
        0.4569,
        0.616
      ],
      [
        0.6767,
        0.8064
      ],
      [
        0.6561,
        0.8043
      ],
      [
        0.6095,
        0.8161
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    ],
    "peak_month": 7,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 526,
      "by_month": [
        6,
        6,
        2,
        1,
        5,
        44,
        156,
        166,
        55,
        36,
        33,
        16
      ],
      "share": [
        0.1667,
        0.25,
        0.0204,
        0.0043,
        0.0163,
        0.0861,
        0.2626,
        0.5425,
        0.3741,
        0.2118,
        0.2481,
        0.2319
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.0787,
          0.3189
        ],
        [
          0.12,
          0.449
        ],
        [
          0.0056,
          0.0714
        ],
        [
          0.0008,
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        ],
        [
          0.007,
          0.0377
        ],
        [
          0.0648,
          0.1136
        ],
        [
          0.2288,
          0.2995
        ],
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          0.4865,
          0.5974
        ],
        [
          0.3001,
          0.4546
        ],
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          0.1571,
          0.2792
        ],
        [
          0.1825,
          0.3279
        ],
        [
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          0.344
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 8
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "biennial or perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 6.2,
      "median": 9.9,
      "p95": 11.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 349.9,
      "median": 444.4,
      "p95": 747.2
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 17,
      "median": 20.2,
      "p95": 24.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -8.4,
      "median": 1.3,
      "p95": 4.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 623.7,
      "median": 865,
      "p95": 1509
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 10.9,
      "median": 18.2,
      "p95": 39.3
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 111.2,
      "median": 169.7,
      "p95": 279.1
    },
    "n": 1948,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1948 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/heracleum-sphondylium/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}