Plate 1 figs. a–h · 8 separate observations
Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.
The specimen a real sheet, in a real collection
- Herbarium
- The New York Botanical Garden
- Accession
- 1583230
- Filed as
- Heliocarpus americanus L.
- Det. by
- M. F. González Giraldo 2012-01-01
- Collected
- P. Pedraza-Peñalosa 2011-01-31
- Origin
- CO
- The sheet
- View the digitised specimen (CC BY 4.0)
A real pressed plant, in a real collection, under the accession number above. Not an illustration of one. The holding institution does not serve this sheet’s image to third parties, so there is no photograph here. The record is real and the link goes to it. Where we hold no openly licensed sheet for a species this section is simply absent, and where a sheet never recorded who determined it, that field stays empty rather than being filled in. Roughly half of all herbarium sheets never recorded a determiner, which is ordinary.
Native range 22 botanical countries
| Region | TDWG code | Continent |
|---|---|---|
| Argentina Northeast | AGE | SOUTHERN AMERICA |
| Argentina Northwest | AGW | |
| Belize | BLZ | |
| Bolivia | BOL | |
| Brazil South | BZS | |
| Brazil Southeast | BZL | |
| Colombia | CLM | |
| Costa Rica | COS | |
| Ecuador | ECU | |
| El Salvador | ELS | |
| Guatemala | GUA | |
| Honduras | HON | |
| Nicaragua | NIC | |
| Panamá | PAN | |
| Paraguay | PAR | |
| Peru | PER | |
| Venezuela | VEN | |
| Mexico Central | MXC | NORTHERN AMERICA |
| Mexico Gulf | MXG | |
| Mexico Northeast | MXE | |
| Mexico Southeast | MXT | |
| Mexico Southwest | MXS |
Region boundaries approximated from Natural Earth (public domain) and mapped to TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) level-3 botanical countries (Brummitt 2001). Indicative, not the official WGSRPD geometry.
Where it actually grows measured, from 228 observations
| Condition | 5th percentile | Median | 95th percentile |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coldest month, mean daily low | 8.2 °C | 14.8 °C | 20.0 °C |
| Warmest month, mean daily high | 19.7 °C | 26.2 °C | 30.8 °C |
| Annual rainfall | 925 mm | 1,518 mm | 3,509 mm |
| Rainfall in the driest quarter | 30 mm | 181 mm | 519 mm |
It is barely found anywhere that freezes. This is not care advice and it is not a forecast. It is a measurement: we sampled the climate at every one of the 228 research-grade observations of Heliocarpus americanus that carry a coordinate, and this is the range those places actually span. The 5th and 95th percentiles are used rather than the minimum and maximum, because a single cultivated specimen in a heated conservatory should not widen a tropical plant's range to the Arctic.
This is not a hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual extreme minimum temperature. The figure above is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and is typically far warmer. Reading one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a hardiness zone, because we do not have one.
Also published as 26 synonyms
A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.
- Heliocarpus americanus subsp. popayanensis (Kunth) Meijer
- Heliocarpus americanus var. popayanensis (Kunth) K.Schum.
- Heliocarpus americanus var. schumannii Baker f.
- Heliocarpus americanus var. typicus K.Schum.
- Heliocarpus australis E.Watson
- Heliocarpus boliviensis Hochr.
- Heliocarpus costaricensis Sprague
- Heliocarpus cuspidatus Lundell
- Heliocarpus diclinus Hochr.
- Heliocarpus floribundus Lundell
- Heliocarpus gentlei Lundell
- Heliocarpus horridus Lundell
- Heliocarpus nelsonii Rose
- Heliocarpus oblongifolius Turcz.
- Heliocarpus popayanensis Kunth
- Heliocarpus popayanensis var. grandifolius Hochr.
- Heliocarpus popayanensis var. purdiei Baker f.
- Heliocarpus popayanensis var. schumannii Baker f.
- Heliocarpus popayanensis var. trichopoda (Turcz.) Baker f.
- Heliocarpus rosei Hochr.
- Heliocarpus rudis E.Watson
- Heliocarpus stipulatus Hochr.
- Heliocarpus subtrilobus Sprague
- Heliocarpus tomentosus Turcz.
and 2 more.
Sourcesevery claim on this page
- World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
- iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
- USDA PLANTS Database. common name, checklist symbol HEPO4. public domain. Retrieved 2026-07-13.
- Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16). native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form. CC BY 3.0. Retrieved 2026-06-04.
We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.