{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/helictochloa-pratensis/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "helictochloa-pratensis",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000922776",
    "inat_taxon_id": 978328
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Helictochloa pratensis",
    "authorship": "(L.) Romero Zarco",
    "genus": "Helictochloa",
    "epithet": "pratensis",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Candollea 66: 103 (2011)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77113502-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": null,
      "english": [],
      "source": null
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Arrhenatherum pratense",
        "authorship": "(L.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena alpina",
        "authorship": "Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena aristelliformis",
        "authorship": "Sennen ex St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena bromoides subsp. requienii",
        "authorship": "(Mutel) Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena bromoides var. sennenii",
        "authorship": "St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena gonzaloi",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena gonzaloi",
        "authorship": "Sennen ex St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena longepedicellata",
        "authorship": "Sennen ex St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena longepilosa",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena longespiculata",
        "authorship": "Sennen ex St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena longifolia",
        "authorship": "Req."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena mirandana",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena montana",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena opulenta",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pilosa",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena planiculmis",
        "authorship": "Sm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena podolica",
        "authorship": "Blocki ex Koczw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis f. hirsuta",
        "authorship": "St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis f. longiaristata",
        "authorship": "St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis f. longispiculata",
        "authorship": "St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis f. major",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis f. pauciflora",
        "authorship": "Norm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis f. spiculosa",
        "authorship": "Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis subsp. amethystea",
        "authorship": "Braun-Blanq."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis subsp. hippeliana",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Hegi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis subsp. iberica",
        "authorship": "St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis subsp. subdecurrens",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. alpina",
        "authorship": "(Roem. & Schult.) Bab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. belliana",
        "authorship": "Gola"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. festucoides",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. fistucoides",
        "authorship": "Wimm. & Grab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. gexiana",
        "authorship": "Beauverd"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "Casp. ex Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. gonzaloi",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. hippeliana",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. longifolia",
        "authorship": "St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. minor",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. paucifolia",
        "authorship": "Pauquy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. pungens",
        "authorship": "Sennen ex St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. requienii",
        "authorship": "(Mutel) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. scabra",
        "authorship": "Zapał."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. subalpina",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. taurinensis",
        "authorship": "Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pratensis var. vasconica",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena pungens",
        "authorship": "Sennen ex St.-Yves"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena requienii",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena scabra",
        "authorship": "Kit."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena splendens",
        "authorship": "Gall. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena subdecurrens",
        "authorship": "Degen ex Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avena vasconica",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum alpinum",
        "authorship": "Fritsch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense",
        "authorship": "(L.) Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense f. pubescentiforme",
        "authorship": "Nyár."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense f. sericeum",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense f. spiculosum",
        "authorship": "(Neuman) Neuman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense f. stepposum",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense var. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "(Casp. ex Asch. & Graebn.) Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense var. hirtifolium",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense var. pastorale",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense var. ramosum",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenastrum pratense var. stenophyllum",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenochloa alpina",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenochloa gonzaloi",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenochloa pratensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenochloa pratensis subsp. hirtifolia",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenochloa requienii",
        "authorship": "(Mutel) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenochloa vasconica",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Gervais"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula alpina",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) W.Sauer & Chmel."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula gonzaloi",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula mirandana",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis subsp. amethystea",
        "authorship": "(Braun-Blanq.) Romero Zarco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis subsp. gonzaloi",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Romero Zarco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis subsp. hirtifolia",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis subsp. iberica",
        "authorship": "(St.-Yves) O.Bolòs & Vigo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis subsp. requienii",
        "authorship": "(Mutel) Romero Zarco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis subsp. vasconica",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Romo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis var. fallax",
        "authorship": "Romero Zarco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis var. gonzaloi",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) O.Bolòs & Vigo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis var. hirtifolia",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) L.Frey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis var. mirandana",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Romo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis var. paniculata",
        "authorship": "Romero Zarco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis var. pilosa",
        "authorship": "Romero Zarco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pratensis var. vasconica",
        "authorship": "(St.-Yves) Romero Zarco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula pungens",
        "authorship": "(Sennen ex St.-Yves) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula requienii",
        "authorship": "(Mutel) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Avenula vasconica",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) M.Laínz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictochloa pratensis subsp. amethystea",
        "authorship": "(Braun-Blanq.) Romero Zarco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon alpinum",
        "authorship": "(Sm.) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon gonzaloi",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Potztal"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon hirtifolium",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Landolt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense",
        "authorship": "(L.) Pilg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense f. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "(Casp. ex Asch. & Graebn.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense f. hirsutum",
        "authorship": "(St.-Yves) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense f. majum",
        "authorship": "(Peterm.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense f. pubescentiforme",
        "authorship": "(Nyár.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense f. scabrum",
        "authorship": "(Zapał.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense f. sericeum",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense f. stenophyllum",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense f. stepposum",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense subsp. gonzaloi",
        "authorship": "(Sennen) Mateo & Figuerola"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense subsp. hirtifolium",
        "authorship": "(Podp.) Dostál"
      },
      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense subsp. ibericum",
        "authorship": "(St.-Yves) Mateo & Figuerola"
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      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon pratense var. subdecurrens",
        "authorship": "(Borbás) Morariu & Beldie"
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      {
        "name": "Helictotrichon requienii",
        "authorship": "(Mutel) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Heuffelia pratensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trisetum alpinum",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trisetum pratense",
        "authorship": "(L.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trisetum pratense var. latifolium",
        "authorship": "Parn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Trisetum pratense var. longifolium",
        "authorship": "Parn."
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        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/markuskrieger",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/a7f38ac5-f977-4f5c-8e8c-213a3f58a88f",
        "observed_on": "2019-05-14",
        "lat": 48.739,
        "lon": 12.925,
        "original": {
          "width": 576,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38883584/r1/400.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/38883584/r1/400.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Markus Krieger, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "IRN",
      "LBS",
      "TUR",
      "WHM",
      "AUT",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "RUC",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "HUN",
      "ITA",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 1,
    "n_annotated": 2,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 6.1,
      "median": 8.6,
      "p95": 11
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 445.3,
      "median": 689.8,
      "p95": 780.2
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18.1,
      "median": 22.3,
      "p95": 25.4
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -7.8,
      "median": -4,
      "p95": 0.3
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 523.9,
      "median": 736.2,
      "p95": 1185
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.2,
      "median": 29.2,
      "p95": 41.7
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 74.7,
      "median": 128,
      "p95": 251.4
    },
    "n": 104,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 104 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 1 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/helictochloa-pratensis/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}