Gymnema sylvestre(Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm.

cowplantmiracle fruit

WFO wfo-0000712289 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY

Plate 1 figs. a–h · 8 separate observations

Gymnema sylvestre, photographed by lansan
fig. a lansan, CC BY 4.0 / 2022-01-20 / obs. 182724671

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

The specimen a real sheet, in a real collection

Herbarium
The New York Botanical Garden
Accession
05057249
Filed as
Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.
Det. by
C. M. Morenberg 1995-01-01
Collected
C. M. Morenberg 1995-02-24
Origin
US
The sheet
View the digitised specimen (CC BY 4.0)

A real pressed plant, in a real collection, under the accession number above. Not an illustration of one. The holding institution does not serve this sheet’s image to third parties, so there is no photograph here. The record is real and the link goes to it. Where we hold no openly licensed sheet for a species this section is simply absent, and where a sheet never recorded who determined it, that field stays empty rather than being filled in. Roughly half of all herbarium sheets never recorded a determiner, which is ordinary.

Native range 58 botanical countries

Regions where Gymnema sylvestre is native: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Provinces, Caprivi Strip, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, DR Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, KwaZulu-Natal, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Provinces, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan-South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Nansei-shoto, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Yemen, Assam, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaya, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia AngolaBeninBotswanaBurkinaBurundiCameroonCape ProvincesCaprivi StripCentral African RepublicChadCongoDR CongoEritreaEthiopiaGabonGhanaGuineaGuinea-BissauIvory CoastKenyaKwaZulu-NatalMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritaniaMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaNorthern ProvincesRwandaSenegalSudan-South SudanTanzaniaTogoUgandaZambiaZimbabweChina South-CentralChina SoutheastHainanSaudi ArabiaTaiwanYemenAssamBangladeshCambodiaIndiaLaosMalayaMyanmarSri LankaVietnamNorthern TerritoryQueenslandWestern Australia ComorosNansei-shoto
Native distribution of Gymnema sylvestre, after Kew’s World Checklist of Vascular Plants. Introduced, extinct and doubtful records are excluded, so this is where the plant is from, not everywhere it now grows. Regions too small to draw at this scale are marked with a dot.
RegionTDWG codeContinent
Angola ANG AFRICA
Benin BEN
Botswana BOT
Burkina BKN
Burundi BUR
Cameroon CMN
Cape Provinces CPP
Caprivi Strip CPV
Central African Republic CAF
Chad CHA
Comoros COM
Congo CON
DR Congo ZAI
Eritrea ERI
Ethiopia ETH
Gabon GAB
Ghana GHA
Guinea GUI
Guinea-Bissau GNB
Ivory Coast IVO
Kenya KEN
KwaZulu-Natal NAT
Madagascar MDG
Malawi MLW
Mali MLI
Mauritania MTN
Mozambique MOZ
Namibia NAM
Niger NGR
Nigeria NGA
Northern Provinces TVL
Rwanda RWA
Senegal SEN
Sudan-South Sudan SUD
Tanzania TAN
Togo TOG
Uganda UGA
Zambia ZAM
Zimbabwe ZIM
Assam ASS ASIA-TROPICAL
Bangladesh BAN
Cambodia CBD
India IND
Laos LAO
Malaya MLY
Myanmar MYA
Sri Lanka SRL
Vietnam VIE
China South-Central CHC ASIA-TEMPERATE
China Southeast CHS
Hainan CHH
Nansei-shoto NNS
Saudi Arabia SAU
Taiwan TAI
Yemen YEM
Northern Territory NTA AUSTRALASIA
Queensland QLD
Western Australia WAU

Region boundaries approximated from Natural Earth (public domain) and mapped to TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD) level-3 botanical countries (Brummitt 2001). Indicative, not the official WGSRPD geometry.

Flowering 81 in flower of 144 examined

Proportion of examined Gymnema sylvestre in flower, by month
Month In flower Examined Share 95% interval
Jan 0 6 0% 0% to 39%
Feb 3 7 43% 16% to 75%
Mar 1 3 too few examined
Apr 4 8 50% 22% to 78%
May 17 20 85% 64% to 95%
Jun 22 23 96% 79% to 99%
Jul 9 10 90% 60% to 98%
Aug 14 16 88% 64% to 97%
Sep 5 12 42% 19% to 68%
Oct 3 14 21% 8% to 48%
Nov 2 12 17% 5% to 45%
Dec 1 13 8% 1% to 33%

Peak flowering in Jun. Each bar is the share of Gymnema sylvestre observations in which someone actually recorded the reproductive state and found the plant in flower, not the raw number of flowering records. That distinction matters: people observe plants far more in spring than in winter, so a bare count of flowering records partly measures when people go outside. Dividing by the number examined removes that. 81 of 144 examined observations were in flower, every one of them research grade. The whisker on each bar is a 95% Wilson interval. One month has fewer than 5 examined observations, so no proportion is drawn for it. This is still a global aggregate and not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres. Where a species has fewer than 30 flowering records we do not draw this chart at all. Computed from 10.15468/dl.cgje2x.

Where it actually grows measured, from 955 observations

Condition 5th percentile Median 95th percentile
Coldest month, mean daily low 10.3 °C 13.6 °C 17.9 °C
Warmest month, mean daily high 27.9 °C 29.8 °C 31.8 °C
Annual rainfall 843 mm 2,005 mm 3,444 mm
Rainfall in the driest quarter 20 mm 100 mm 584 mm

It is not found anywhere that gets close to freezing. This is not care advice and it is not a forecast. It is a measurement: we sampled the climate at every one of the 955 research-grade observations of Gymnema sylvestre that carry a coordinate, and this is the range those places actually span. The 5th and 95th percentiles are used rather than the minimum and maximum, because a single cultivated specimen in a heated conservatory should not widen a tropical plant's range to the Arctic.

This is not a hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual extreme minimum temperature. The figure above is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and is typically far warmer. Reading one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a hardiness zone, because we do not have one. Climate from CHELSA V2.1 (Karger et al. 2017); occurrences from 10.15468/dl.cgje2x.

Also published as 24 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Apocynum alterniflorum Lour.
  • Asclepias geminata Roxb.
  • Conocalpis umbellata Bojer ex Decne.
  • Cynanchum senegalense Sieber ex Decne.
  • Cynanchum subvolubile Schumach. & Thonn.
  • Gymnema affine Decne.
  • Gymnema alterniflorum (Lour.) Merr.
  • Gymnema formosanum Schltr.
  • Gymnema fruticulosum Hochst.
  • Gymnema humile Decne.
  • Gymnema melicida Edgew.
  • Gymnema mkenii Harv.
  • Gymnema parviflorum Decne.
  • Gymnema parvifolium Wall.
  • Gymnema rufescens Decne.
  • Gymnema subvolubile (Schumach. & Thonn.) Decne.
  • Gymnema sylvestre var. affine (Decne.) Tsiang
  • Gymnema sylvestre var. ceylanica Hook.f.
  • Gymnema sylvestre var. ceylanicum Hook.f.
  • Gymnema sylvestre var. chinense Benth.
  • Marsdenia sylvestris (Retz.) P.I.Forst.
  • Periploca sylvestris Retz.
  • Periploca tenuifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.
  • Strophanthus alterniflorus (Lour.) Spreng.

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
  3. Wikidata. common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715). CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-13.
  4. Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16). native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form. CC BY 3.0. Retrieved 2026-06-04.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice and no toxicity claim, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.