{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/gossypium-hirsutum/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "gossypium-hirsutum",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000707931",
    "inat_taxon_id": 77299
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Gossypium hirsutum",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Gossypium",
    "epithet": "hirsutum",
    "family": "Malvaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. ed. 2 : 975 (1763)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30042843-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Cotton",
      "english": [
        "Cotton",
        "upland cotton"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. hirsutum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Hook.f. & Benth."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. hirsutum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Triana & Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. marie-galante",
        "authorship": "(G.Watt) A.Chev."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium birkinshawii",
        "authorship": "G.Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium caespitosum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium cavanillesianum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium divaricatum",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium harrisii",
        "authorship": "G.Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium herbaceum var. hirsutum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Mast."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium herbaceum var. religiosum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Mast."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum",
        "authorship": "Cav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. atrocoloratum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. berlandieri",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. cavelsenii",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. cearense",
        "authorship": "(Roberty) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. gaumeri",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. guatemaltequense",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. jamaicense",
        "authorship": "(Macfad.) Wouters"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. mexicanum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. palmeri",
        "authorship": "(G.Watt) Wouters"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. pollardii",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. prostratum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. punctatum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum f. schottii",
        "authorship": "(G.Watt) Wouters"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum prol. yucatanense",
        "authorship": "J.B.Hutch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum subsp. archetypicum",
        "authorship": "(Roberty) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum subsp. caespitosum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum subsp. latifolium",
        "authorship": "(Murray) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum subsp. mexicanum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Mauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum subsp. prostratum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum subsp. punctatum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Mauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. album",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. chacoense",
        "authorship": "(Roberty) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. colombianum",
        "authorship": "Mauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. glabratum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. laciniatum",
        "authorship": "G.S.Zaitsev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Aliotta"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. marie-galante",
        "authorship": "(G.Watt) J.B.Hutch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. mexicanum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. nervosum",
        "authorship": "(G.Watt) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. pellitum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. punctatum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach.) J.B.Hutch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. religiosum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. schottii",
        "authorship": "(G.Watt) Prokh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. uliginosum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. volubile",
        "authorship": "(Ram.Goyena) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hopi",
        "authorship": "Lewton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium jamaicense",
        "authorship": "Macfad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium jamaicense f. janiphifolium",
        "authorship": "(Bello) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium jamaicense f. lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium janiphifolium",
        "authorship": "Bello"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium lanceolatum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium",
        "authorship": "Murray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium f. cambodiense",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium f. cearense",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium f. flavum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium f. fuscum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium f. paniculatum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium f. pseudoracemosum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium subvar. akkorense",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium subvar. chacoense",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium subvar. pseudovolubile",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium subvar. soninkurense",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium var. archetypicum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium var. cambodiense",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium var. deserticum",
        "authorship": "(Roberty) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium var. neotypicum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium var. prostratum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium var. pseudovolubile",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium latifolium var. taitense",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium marie-galante",
        "authorship": "G.Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium mexicanum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium nervosum",
        "authorship": "G.Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium nicaraguense",
        "authorship": "Ram.Goyena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium nigrum var. punctatum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Hook.f. & Webb"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium oligospermum",
        "authorship": "Macfad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium pallidum",
        "authorship": "Montrouz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium palmeri",
        "authorship": "G.Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum f. marie-galante",
        "authorship": "(G.Watt) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium prostratum",
        "authorship": "Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium punctatum",
        "authorship": "Schumach. & Thonn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium punctatum var. jamaica",
        "authorship": "G.Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium punctatum var. jamaicense",
        "authorship": "(Macfad.) Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium punctatum var. prostratum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium purpurascens",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium purpurascens var. deserticum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium purpurascens var. punctatum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach. & Thonn.) J.R.Harlan"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium purpurascens var. religiosoides",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium purpurascens var. taitense",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium religiosum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium rhorii",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium rufum",
        "authorship": "Scop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium schottii",
        "authorship": "G.Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium sericatum",
        "authorship": "Prokh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium taitense",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium tricuspidatum var. jamaicense",
        "authorship": "(Macfad.) Mauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium tricuspidatum var. oligospermum",
        "authorship": "(Macfad.) Mauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium tridens",
        "authorship": "O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium volubile",
        "authorship": "Ram.Goyena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus deciduus",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus oligospermus",
        "authorship": "(Macfad.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus purpurascens",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus religiosus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Xylon hirsutum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Medik."
      },
      {
        "name": "Xylon religiosum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Moench"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossypium_hirsutum"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 190,
    "licences": [
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 197983017,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tyler Bishop",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/zoology123",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9e7950b3-df18-468d-9f21-7e6340d6e95f",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-15",
        "lat": 20.025,
        "lon": -155.822,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197983017/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197983017/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197983017/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197983017/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tyler Bishop, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 197982917,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Tyler Bishop",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/zoology123",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/a0ba7e21-652a-4551-84f8-929d0f9fb0cb",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-15",
        "lat": 20.025,
        "lon": -155.821,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197982917/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197982917/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197982917/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197982917/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Tyler Bishop, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 191993135,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Francisco Farriols Sarabia",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/francisco3_",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/cd087a47-f09f-4267-adea-51116bd5a429",
        "observed_on": "2022-04-29",
        "lat": 23.299,
        "lon": -106.443,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191993135/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191993135/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191993135/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/191993135/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Francisco Farriols Sarabia, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 182911941,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "aacocucci",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/aacocucci",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4022fb6a-4991-4735-8d8a-b94a2d9dabe7",
        "observed_on": "2022-03-07",
        "lat": -27.697,
        "lon": -64.207,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 680
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/182911941/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/182911941/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/182911941/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/182911941/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "aacocucci, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 180831581,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Catherine C. Galley",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/catherine_g",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/e0b29fb3-ff4a-4603-902e-0a14c5457fad",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-24",
        "lat": 33.558,
        "lon": -101.793,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 1012
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/180831581/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/180831581/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/180831581/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/180831581/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Catherine C. Galley, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 175518298,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Bill Levine",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/blevine",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b6cc5bb3-b33f-44b1-8489-715e9962bfb6",
        "observed_on": "2022-01-10",
        "lat": 23.438,
        "lon": -109.429,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175518298/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175518298/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175518298/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/175518298/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Bill Levine, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 173281015,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Sebastián de Jesús Herrera Buenfil",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/sebastian_hb",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/bfff9bf4-40f1-4457-8424-52f012e66502",
        "observed_on": "2021-12-18",
        "lat": 21.058,
        "lon": -86.876,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/173281015/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/173281015/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/173281015/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/173281015/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Sebastián de Jesús Herrera Buenfil, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 172011189,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Josiah Londerée",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/gatorhawk",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/dd20ab0f-38dc-4653-8cdd-ab4df54ab613",
        "observed_on": "2021-12-10",
        "lat": 24.761,
        "lon": -80.963,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 678
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/172011189/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/172011189/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/172011189/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/172011189/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Josiah Londerée, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "MXI",
      "MXC",
      "MXG",
      "MXE",
      "MXN",
      "MXT",
      "MXS",
      "FIJ",
      "MRN",
      "MRQ",
      "SAM",
      "SCI",
      "TUA",
      "ARU",
      "BZE",
      "CLM",
      "COS",
      "ECU",
      "ELS",
      "FRG",
      "GUA",
      "GUY",
      "HON",
      "NLA",
      "NIC",
      "SWC",
      "SUR",
      "VEN",
      "VNA"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "MXI",
        "name": "Mexican Pacific Is.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXC",
        "name": "Mexico Central",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXG",
        "name": "Mexico Gulf",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXN",
        "name": "Mexico Northwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXT",
        "name": "Mexico Southeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MXS",
        "name": "Mexico Southwest",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIJ",
        "name": "Fiji",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRN",
        "name": "Marianas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Northwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRQ",
        "name": "Marquesas",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAM",
        "name": "Samoa",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "Southwestern Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCI",
        "name": "Society Is.",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUA",
        "name": "Tuamotu",
        "continent": "PACIFIC",
        "region": "South-Central Pacific"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARU",
        "name": "Aruba",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "BZE",
        "name": "Brazil Northeast",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Brazil"
      },
      {
        "code": "CLM",
        "name": "Colombia",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "COS",
        "name": "Costa Rica",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ECU",
        "name": "Ecuador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ELS",
        "name": "El Salvador",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRG",
        "name": "French Guiana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUA",
        "name": "Guatemala",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUY",
        "name": "Guyana",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "HON",
        "name": "Honduras",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NLA",
        "name": "Netherlands Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "NIC",
        "name": "Nicaragua",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Central America"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWC",
        "name": "Southwest Caribbean",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUR",
        "name": "Suriname",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VEN",
        "name": "Venezuela",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northern South America"
      },
      {
        "code": "VNA",
        "name": "Venezuelan Antilles",
        "continent": "SOUTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Caribbean"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 68,
    "n_annotated": 134,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      11,
      6,
      8,
      14,
      4,
      2,
      1,
      2,
      3,
      2,
      11,
      4
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      21,
      8,
      15,
      21,
      13,
      7,
      1,
      2,
      10,
      7,
      21,
      8
    ],
    "share": [
      0.5238,
      0.75,
      0.5333,
      0.6667,
      0.3077,
      0.2857,
      null,
      null,
      0.3,
      0.2857,
      0.5238,
      0.5
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.3237,
        0.7166
      ],
      [
        0.4093,
        0.9285
      ],
      [
        0.3012,
        0.7519
      ],
      [
        0.4537,
        0.8281
      ],
      [
        0.1268,
        0.5763
      ],
      [
        0.0822,
        0.6411
      ],
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.1078,
        0.6032
      ],
      [
        0.0822,
        0.6411
      ],
      [
        0.3237,
        0.7166
      ],
      [
        0.2152,
        0.7848
      ]
    ],
    "peak_month": 2,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 69,
      "by_month": [
        11,
        2,
        9,
        11,
        10,
        4,
        0,
        0,
        5,
        5,
        9,
        3
      ],
      "share": [
        0.5238,
        0.25,
        0.6,
        0.5238,
        0.7692,
        0.5714,
        null,
        null,
        0.5,
        0.7143,
        0.4286,
        0.375
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.3237,
          0.7166
        ],
        [
          0.0715,
          0.5907
        ],
        [
          0.3575,
          0.8018
        ],
        [
          0.3237,
          0.7166
        ],
        [
          0.4974,
          0.9182
        ],
        [
          0.2505,
          0.8418
        ],
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.2366,
          0.7634
        ],
        [
          0.3589,
          0.9178
        ],
        [
          0.2447,
          0.6345
        ],
        [
          0.1368,
          0.6943
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 5
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "shrub",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 17.3,
      "median": 24.7,
      "p95": 26.7
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 69.3,
      "median": 250.4,
      "p95": 741.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 28,
      "median": 29.8,
      "p95": 35.7
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 2.9,
      "median": 18.6,
      "p95": 24.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 223.4,
      "median": 1151.7,
      "p95": 1923.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 25.4,
      "median": 57.9,
      "p95": 121
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 2,
      "median": 123.1,
      "p95": 257
    },
    "n": 1345,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1345 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/gossypium-hirsutum/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}