{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/gossypium-barbadense/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "gossypium-barbadense",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000707843",
    "inat_taxon_id": 163352
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Gossypium barbadense",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Gossypium",
    "epithet": "barbadense",
    "family": "Malvaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 693 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": null,
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Creole cotton",
      "english": [
        "Creole cotton"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Gossypium acuminatum",
        "authorship": "Roxb. & G.Don"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium arboreum subsp. perenne",
        "authorship": "(Blanco) Mauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium auritum",
        "authorship": "O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense f. casimiranum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense f. eggersii",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense f. maritimum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense f. suffruticosum",
        "authorship": "(Bertol.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense f. vitifolium",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense subsp. microcarpum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense subsp. peruvianum",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense subsp. racemosum",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense subsp. sprucei",
        "authorship": "(Roberty) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense subsp. typicum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense subsp. vitifolium",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. acuminatum",
        "authorship": "(Roxb. ex G.Don) Triana & Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. apospermum",
        "authorship": "(Sprague) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. barbadense",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. brasiliense",
        "authorship": "(Macfad.) Mauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. braziliense",
        "authorship": "(Raf.) Fryxell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. caravonicum",
        "authorship": "(Roberty) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. cayanense",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. eubarbadense",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. integrum",
        "authorship": "Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. maritimum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) G.Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. microcarpum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. pedatum",
        "authorship": "(G.Watt) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. peruvianum",
        "authorship": "(Cav.) Mauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. rufum",
        "authorship": "Wittm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium barbadense var. vitifolium",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Triana & Planch."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium brasiliense",
        "authorship": "Macfad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium brasiliense var. apospermum",
        "authorship": "Sprague"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium calycotum",
        "authorship": "O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium cambayense",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium evertum",
        "authorship": "O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium frutescens",
        "authorship": "Lasteyr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium frutescens var. maritimum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Prokh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium fruticulosum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium fuscum",
        "authorship": "Roxb. ex Wight & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium glabrum",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium guyanense",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium guyanense var. brasiliense",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium guyanense var. braziliense",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium herbaceum var. vitifolium",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Mast."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium hirsutum var. panamicum",
        "authorship": "Mauer"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium isabelum",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium jamaicense f. fruticulosum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium javanicum",
        "authorship": "Blume"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium jumelianum",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Prokh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium lapideum",
        "authorship": "Tussac"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium lapideum subsp. acuminatum",
        "authorship": "(Roxb. ex G.Don) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium lapideum subsp. brasiliense",
        "authorship": "(Macfad.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium maritimum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium maritimum var. jumelianum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium maritimum var. polycarpum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium microcarpum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium microcarpum var. luxurians",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium microcarpum var. rufum",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium multiglandulosum",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium nankin",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium nigrum",
        "authorship": "Buch.-Ham."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium niveum",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium pallens",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium pedatum",
        "authorship": "G.Watt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium perenne",
        "authorship": "Blanco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum",
        "authorship": "Cav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum subsp. nigrum",
        "authorship": "(Buch.-Ham.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum subsp. racemosum",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum subsp. sprucei",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum subsp. typicum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum var. apospermum",
        "authorship": "(Sprague) Prokh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum var. brasiliense",
        "authorship": "(Raf.) Prokh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum var. brasiliense",
        "authorship": "(Macfad.) J.Hern."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum var. braziliense",
        "authorship": "(Raf.) Prokh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum var. caravonicum",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum var. glabrum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum var. nigrum",
        "authorship": "(Buch.-Ham.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum var. racemosum",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium peruvianum var. sprucei",
        "authorship": "Roberty"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium pubescens",
        "authorship": "Splitg. ex de Vriese"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium quinacre",
        "authorship": "O.F.Cook & J.W.Hubb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium racemosum",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium religiosum",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium rohrianum",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium rupestre",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium sarmentosum",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium speciosum",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium suffruticosum",
        "authorship": "Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium teleium",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium tenax",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium trichospermum",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium vaupellii",
        "authorship": "Graham"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium versicolor",
        "authorship": "Lign. & Bey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium virens",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium virgatum",
        "authorship": "Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gossypium vitifolium",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus barbadensis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus barbadensis f. fruticulosus",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus barbadensis f. oligospermus",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus barbadensis f. racemosus",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus barbadensis var. deciduus",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus barbadensis var. lanceolatus",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus barbadensis var. latifolius",
        "authorship": "Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus fruticulosus",
        "authorship": "(Tod.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Hibiscus racemosus",
        "authorship": "(Poir.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Neogossypium barbadense",
        "authorship": "(L.) Roberty"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense"
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      "p5": 2.1,
      "median": 65.7,
      "p95": 326.2
    },
    "n": 79,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 79 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 7 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/gossypium-barbadense/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}