{ "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json", "schema_version": 1, "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/gladiolus-dalenii/", "last_modified": "2024-08-30", "id": { "slug": "gladiolus-dalenii", "wfo": "wfo-0000789772", "inat_taxon_id": 357461 }, "name": { "scientific": "Gladiolus dalenii", "authorship": "Van Geel", "genus": "Gladiolus", "epithet": "dalenii", "family": "Iridaceae", "rank": "species", "taxonomic_status": "accepted", "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06", "is_homonym": false, "published_in": "Sert. Bot. 2(1): 18 (1829)", "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:437402-1", "common": { "preferred": "cornflag", "english": [ "cornflag" ], "source": "usda" }, "synonyms": [ { "name": "Antholyza laxiflora", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Bobartia natalensis", "authorship": "(Regel) Klatt" }, { "name": "Gladiolus adlamii", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus affinis", "authorship": "De Wild." }, { "name": "Gladiolus andongensis", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus angolensis", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus barnardii", "authorship": "G.J.Lewis" }, { "name": "Gladiolus boehmii", "authorship": "Vaupel" }, { "name": "Gladiolus buettneri", "authorship": "Pax" }, { "name": "Gladiolus caffensis", "authorship": "Cufod." }, { "name": "Gladiolus calothyrsus", "authorship": "Vaupel" }, { "name": "Gladiolus coccineus", "authorship": "L.Bolus" }, { "name": "Gladiolus cooperi", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus corneus", "authorship": "Oliv." }, { "name": "Gladiolus dalenii var. andongensis", "authorship": "(Baker) Goldblatt ex Geerinck" }, { "name": "Gladiolus dracocephalus", "authorship": "Hook.f." }, { "name": "Gladiolus fuscoviridis", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus gallaensis", "authorship": "Vaupel" }, { "name": "Gladiolus garnieri", "authorship": "Klatt" }, { "name": "Gladiolus garuanus", "authorship": "Vaupel" }, { "name": "Gladiolus goetzei", "authorship": "Harms" }, { "name": "Gladiolus hockii", "authorship": "De Wild." }, { "name": "Gladiolus ignescens", "authorship": "Bojer ex Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus kilimandscharicus", "authorship": "Pax ex Engl." }, { "name": "Gladiolus leichtlinii", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus leptophyllus", "authorship": "L.Bolus" }, { "name": "Gladiolus louwii", "authorship": "L.Bolus" }, { "name": "Gladiolus luembensis", "authorship": "De Wild." }, { "name": "Gladiolus luteolus", "authorship": "Klatt" }, { "name": "Gladiolus mildbraedii", "authorship": "Vaupel" }, { "name": "Gladiolus natalensis", "authorship": "Reinw. ex Hook." }, { "name": "Gladiolus nebulicola", "authorship": "Ingram" }, { "name": "Gladiolus newii", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus occidentalis", "authorship": "A.Chev." }, { "name": "Gladiolus pageae", "authorship": "L.Bolus" }, { "name": "Gladiolus pauciflorus", "authorship": "De Wild." }, { "name": "Gladiolus platyphyllus", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus primulinus", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus psittacinus", "authorship": "Hook." }, { "name": "Gladiolus quartinianus", "authorship": "A.Rich." }, { "name": "Gladiolus retrocurvus", "authorship": "G.J.Lewis" }, { "name": "Gladiolus saltatorum", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus schimperianus", "authorship": "Steud. ex Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus splendidus", "authorship": "Rendle" }, { "name": "Gladiolus sulphureus", "authorship": "Baker ex Oliv." }, { "name": "Gladiolus taylorianus", "authorship": "Rendle" }, { "name": "Gladiolus tysonii", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Gladiolus welwitschii", "authorship": "Baker" }, { "name": "Keitia natalensis", "authorship": "Regel" }, { "name": "Watsonia natalensis", "authorship": "Eckl." }, { "name": "Watsonia psittacina", "authorship": "(Hook.) Jacob-Makoy" } ], "wikipedia": null }, "photographs": { "shown": 8, "usable_found": 126, "licences": [ "CC-BY", "CC-BY-SA" ], "noncommercial_excluded": true, "items": [ { "photo_id": 200457543, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Caroline Voget", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/cpvoget", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/dc47df63-dbab-4ecf-a6c4-45f037f675b8", "observed_on": "2022-05-14", "lat": -25.169, "lon": 31.269, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 768 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200457543/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200457543/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200457543/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/200457543/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Caroline Voget, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist" }, { "photo_id": 170226722, "license": "CC-BY-SA", "license_name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": true, "creator": "Antoinette Eyssell Knox", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/eyssell", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/d91749bc-af72-4118-9b50-87e5c1f0c7f3", "observed_on": "2021-11-24", "lat": -26.299, "lon": 27.993, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 768 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/170226722/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/170226722/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/170226722/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/170226722/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": "Antoinette Eyssell Knox, CC BY-SA 4.0, via iNaturalist" }, { "photo_id": 165689108, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "William G. 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"West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "BUR", "name": "Burundi", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "CMN", "name": "Cameroon", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "CPP", "name": "Cape Provinces", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "CAF", "name": "Central African Republic", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "CHA", "name": "Chad", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "CON", "name": "Congo", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ZAI", "name": "DR Congo", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "ERI", "name": "Eritrea", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "SWZ", "name": "Eswatini", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "ETH", "name": "Ethiopia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "OFS", "name": "Free State", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "GHA", "name": "Ghana", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "GUI", "name": "Guinea", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "GNB", "name": "Guinea-Bissau", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "IVO", "name": "Ivory Coast", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "West Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "KEN", "name": "Kenya", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "East Tropical Africa" }, { "code": "NAT", "name": "KwaZulu-Natal", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "LES", "name": "Lesotho", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Southern Africa" }, { "code": "MDG", "name": "Madagascar", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Western Indian Ocean" }, { "code": "MLW", "name": "Malawi", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "South Tropical Africa" 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"min_month_n": 5, "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x", "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)", "fields": { "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)", "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".", "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.", "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.", "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count." } }, "traits": { "lifeform": "tuberous geophyte", "climate": "seasonally dry tropical" }, "climate_envelope": { "mean_annual_temp_c": { "p5": 12.3, "median": 17.9, "p95": 22.7 }, "temp_seasonality": { "p5": 89.3, "median": 311.4, "p95": 617.5 }, "max_temp_warmest_month_c": { "p5": 19.8, "median": 25.9, "p95": 32.6 }, "min_temp_coldest_month_c": { "p5": -0.3, "median": 8, "p95": 16.7 }, "annual_precip_mm": { "p5": 604.2, "median": 995.5, "p95": 2114.9 }, "precip_seasonality": { "p5": 16, "median": 62.8, "p95": 106.3 }, "precip_driest_quarter_mm": { "p5": 3.7, "median": 79.8, "p95": 336.4 }, "n": 1250, "units": { "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius", "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)", "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)", "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year", "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter" }, "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec", "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.", "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x", "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1250 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.", "is_hardiness_zone": false, "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other." }, "identification": { "on_device_model": { "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)", "identifies_this_species": false }, "in_accuracy_benchmark": false, "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/", "confused_with": [] }, "sources": [ { "name": "World Flora Online Plant List", "note": "accepted name, authority, classification", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-12" }, { "name": "iNaturalist", "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only", "license": "per photograph", "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/", "retrieved": "2026-06-27" }, { "name": "USDA PLANTS Database", "note": "common name, checklist symbol GLDA", "license": "public domain", "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/", "retrieved": "2026-07-13" }, { "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr", "retrieved": "2026-06-04" } ], "gaps": [ { "field": "care", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted." }, { "field": "toxicity", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready." }, { "field": "botanical_review", "status": "not_sourced", "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page." }, { "field": "hardiness_zone", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all." } ], "license": { "data": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/gladiolus-dalenii/", "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)." } }