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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/gagea-bohemica/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "gagea-bohemica",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000768374",
    "inat_taxon_id": 207836
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Gagea bohemica",
    "authorship": "(Zauschn.) Schult. & Schult.f.",
    "genus": "Gagea",
    "epithet": "bohemica",
    "family": "Liliaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis].  7: 549 (1829)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:535452-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "star of Bethlehem",
      "english": [
        "star of Bethlehem"
      ],
      "source": "usda"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Anthericum villosum",
        "authorship": "Labill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea aleppoana",
        "authorship": "Pascher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea andegavensis",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea arvensis var. saxatilis",
        "authorship": "(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Sacc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea billardierei",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica prol. saxatilis",
        "authorship": "(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica subsp. aleppoana",
        "authorship": "(Pascher) Stroh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica subsp. corsica",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Gamisans"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica subsp. eubohemica",
        "authorship": "Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica subsp. gallica",
        "authorship": "I.Richardson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica subsp. nebrodensis",
        "authorship": "(Tod. ex Guss.) I.Richardson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica subsp. saxatilis",
        "authorship": "(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica subsp. zauschneri",
        "authorship": "(Pohl) Stroh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica var. andegavensis",
        "authorship": "(F.W.Schultz) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica var. busambarensis",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica var. corsica",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica var. gallica",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica var. saxatilis",
        "authorship": "(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica var. szovitsii",
        "authorship": "(O.Lang) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea bohemica var. velenovskyana",
        "authorship": "(Pascher) Stroh"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea busambarensis",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea callieri",
        "authorship": "Pascher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea corsica",
        "authorship": "Jord. & Fourr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea fistulosa",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) Ker Gawl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea foliosa subsp. nebrodensis",
        "authorship": "(Tod. ex Guss.) Asch. & Graebn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea foliosa subsp. pygmaea",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea foliosa var. busambarensis",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea hypanica",
        "authorship": "Sobko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea lanosa",
        "authorship": "Pascher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea minaae",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea nebrodensis",
        "authorship": "(Tod. ex Guss.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea pygmaea",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea pygmaea",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea pygmaea subsp. saxatilis",
        "authorship": "(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea pygmaea var. scaposa",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis",
        "authorship": "(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis subsp. australis",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis subsp. bohemica",
        "authorship": "(Zauschn.) A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis subsp. busambarensis",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis subsp. corsica",
        "authorship": "Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis subsp. pygmaea",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Schult. & Schult.f. ex Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis subsp. szovitsii",
        "authorship": "(Láng) A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis var. corsica",
        "authorship": "(Nyman) A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis var. gallica",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis var. helvetica",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis var. hispanica",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis var. pygmaea",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea saxatilis var. sicula",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea smyrnaea",
        "authorship": "O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea szovitsii",
        "authorship": "(Láng) Besser ex Schult. & Schult.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea szovitsii f. australis",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea szovitsii subsp. bohemica",
        "authorship": "(Zauschn.) A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea szovitsii var. alepicca",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea szovitsii var. callieri",
        "authorship": "(Pascher) Miscz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea szovitsii var. intermedia",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea velenovskyana",
        "authorship": "Pascher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Gagea zauschneri",
        "authorship": "(Pohl) Pascher"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithogalum bohemicum",
        "authorship": "Zauschn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithogalum bohemicum var. saxatile",
        "authorship": "Mert. & W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithogalum busambarense",
        "authorship": "Tineo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithogalum fistulosum",
        "authorship": "Ramond ex DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithogalum nebrodense",
        "authorship": "Tod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithogalum pygmaeum",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithogalum szovitsii",
        "authorship": "Láng"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithogalum zauschneri",
        "authorship": "Pohl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithoxanthum bohemicum",
        "authorship": "(Zauschn.) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithoxanthum fistulosum",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornithoxanthum zauschneri",
        "authorship": "(Pohl) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Phalangium villosum",
        "authorship": "(Labill.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Reggeria bohemica",
        "authorship": "(Zauschn.) Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Solenarium fistulosum",
        "authorship": "(Ramond ex DC.) Dulac"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stellaris bohemica",
        "authorship": "(Zauschn.) Samp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Stellaster bohemicus",
        "authorship": "(Zauschn.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stellaster nebrodensis",
        "authorship": "(Tod. ex Guss.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Stellaster saxatilis",
        "authorship": "(Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Kuntze"
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        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 169,
    "n_annotated": 176,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      5,
      47,
      112,
      3,
      1,
      1,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      5,
      49,
      115,
      5,
      1,
      1,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "share": [
      1,
      0.9592,
      0.9739,
      0.6,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.5655,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.8629,
        0.9887
      ],
      [
        0.9261,
        0.9911
      ],
      [
        0.2307,
        0.8824
      ],
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 1,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "bulbous geophyte",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 8.6,
      "median": 9.6,
      "p95": 14.4
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 573.8,
      "median": 703.8,
      "p95": 832.7
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 22.1,
      "median": 24.1,
      "p95": 29.7
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -5.2,
      "median": -3.4,
      "p95": 2.6
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 503.8,
      "median": 581.4,
      "p95": 1109.7
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.6,
      "median": 41.6,
      "p95": 45.7
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 68.2,
      "median": 90.7,
      "p95": 183.8
    },
    "n": 749,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 749 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "USDA PLANTS Database",
      "note": "common name, checklist symbol GAFI6",
      "license": "public domain",
      "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/gagea-bohemica/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}