Fraxinus excelsiorL.

European ash

WFO wfo-0000832453 Accepted WFO 2026-06 8 photographs CC0 / CC BY

Plate 1 figs. a–h

Fraxinus excelsior, photographed by Марина Садыкова
fig. a Марина Садыкова, CC BY 4.0 / 2022-06-12 / obs. 205691857
Fraxinus excelsior, photographed by Alexis Tinker-Tsavalas
fig. b Alexis Tinker-Tsavalas, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 205535394
Fraxinus excelsior, photographed by Christian Kahle
fig. c Christian Kahle, CC0 1.0 / obs. 205833030
Fraxinus excelsior, photographed by Jon Mortin
fig. d Jon Mortin, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 205589506
Fraxinus excelsior, photographed by Jason Grant
fig. e Jason Grant, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 205218059
Fraxinus excelsior, photographed by Zeke Marshall
fig. f Zeke Marshall, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 204351955
Fraxinus excelsior, photographed by Pavel Kacl
fig. g Pavel Kacl, CC BY 4.0 / obs. 204132795
Fraxinus excelsior, photographed by Lisa Phipps
fig. h Lisa Phipps, CC0 1.0 / obs. 205216028

Every figure is a research-grade observation under CC0, CC BY or CC BY-SA, rehosted with the photographer’s name, the licence and the observation it came from. Photographs under a NonCommercial licence are excluded from this site and are never stored, which costs us a great many pictures and is not negotiable.

Confused withby our own model

These are not lookalikes we guessed at. Each one is a species our identification model genuinely mistook for this plant, and how many times. The error rate is published.

Flowering n = 145 observations

Peak flowering in Apr, from 145 community-annotated observations worldwide. This is a global aggregate, not a forecast for your garden: the same species flowers on different dates in different hemispheres, and citizen-science records cluster near cities, at weekends, and in spring. Where a species has fewer than 30 annotated records we do not draw this chart at all.

Also published as 173 synonyms

A synonym is not an error. It is a record of botanists disagreeing, in print, about where this plant belongs. Each of these was somebody’s considered answer.

  • Aplilia laciniata Raf.
  • Aplilia pendula (Aiton) Raf.
  • Fraxinus acutifolia Dippel
  • Fraxinus amarissima Dippel
  • Fraxinus angustifolia var. obliqua (Tausch) Fukarek
  • Fraxinus apetala Lam.
  • Fraxinus appendiculata Pers.
  • Fraxinus ararica Gand.
  • Fraxinus atra Dum.Cours.
  • Fraxinus atrovirens (Pers.) Desf.
  • Fraxinus aurea Willd.
  • Fraxinus baurieri Sennen & Gonzalo
  • Fraxinus biloba Gren. & Godr.
  • Fraxinus boitrayana Gand.
  • Fraxinus boscii G.Don
  • Fraxinus brevidentata Sennen & Elías
  • Fraxinus bumelia Bedevian
  • Fraxinus burgalensis Sennen & Elías
  • Fraxinus ceretanica Sennen
  • Fraxinus concavifolia Dippel
  • Fraxinus coriariifolia Scheele
  • Fraxinus crispa (Willd.) Bosc
  • Fraxinus cucullata Baltet ex Dippel
  • Fraxinus dodei Sennen

and 149 more.

Sourcesevery claim on this page

  1. World Flora Online Plant List. accepted name, authority, classification. CC0. Retrieved 2026-07-12.
  2. iNaturalist. photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only. per photograph. Retrieved 2026-06-27.

We publish what we can source and we say so when we cannot. This page has no care advice, no toxicity claim and no native range, because we do not yet have those from a source we can cite.