{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/fraxinus-angustifolia/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "fraxinus-angustifolia",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000832291",
    "inat_taxon_id": 82881
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Fraxinus angustifolia",
    "authorship": "Vahl",
    "genus": "Fraxinus",
    "epithet": "angustifolia",
    "family": "Oleaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Enum. Pl. Obs.  1: 52 (1804)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332095-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Narrow-leafed Ash",
      "english": [
        "Narrow-leafed Ash"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus americana var. calabriensis",
        "authorship": "Weston"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. acuminata",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. acuta",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. deltoides",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. elliptica",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. fukarekii",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. lanceolata",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. lanceolata",
        "authorship": "Cout."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. lancifoliolata",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. latiptera",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. monophylla",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. obtusiuscula",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb. ex Willd.) P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. purpurascens",
        "authorship": "P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia f. serrata",
        "authorship": "Jovan."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. danubialis",
        "authorship": "Pouzar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. microphylla",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. pannonica",
        "authorship": "Soó & T.Simon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. pannonica",
        "authorship": "Soó & Simon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. algeriensis",
        "authorship": "(Lingelsh.) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. australis",
        "authorship": "(Cambess.) C.K.Schneid."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. cuspidata",
        "authorship": "Maire & Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. lentiscifolia",
        "authorship": "(Desf.) A.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. numidica",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. obtusa",
        "authorship": "Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. oligophylla",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Fukarek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Fukarek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. pannonica",
        "authorship": "Fukarek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. persica",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Azadi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. pilosa",
        "authorship": "Azadi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. pojarkoviana",
        "authorship": "Kárpáti"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Azadi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Rouy & Foucaud"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) A.Henry"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus angustifolia var. subrostrata",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus australis",
        "authorship": "J.Gay ex K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus australis",
        "authorship": "Mont. ex Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus australis",
        "authorship": "(Cambess.) J.Gay"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus calabrica",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus dentata",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus edentata",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus elongatifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus elongatifolia",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus elonza",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior prol. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior prol. australis",
        "authorship": "(Cambess.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior prol. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior prol. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior subsp. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior subsp. australis",
        "authorship": "(Cambess.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior subsp. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior subsp. oxyphylla",
        "authorship": "Batt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior subsp. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Dum.Cours.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior subsp. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior subsp. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior subsp. syriaca",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Fiori & Paol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. australis",
        "authorship": "(J.Gay) Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. australis",
        "authorship": "Cambess."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. australis",
        "authorship": "Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. integra",
        "authorship": "Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. leptocarpa",
        "authorship": "(A.DC.) Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Zernov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Fiori & Paol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. oxyphylla",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb.) Par."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Dum.Cours."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus excelsior var. subintegra",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Wesm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus humilior",
        "authorship": "Garsault"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus lentiscifolia",
        "authorship": "Desf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus lentiscifolia f. pendula-vera",
        "authorship": "Schelle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus lentiscifolia var. nana",
        "authorship": "Jacob-Makoy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus lentiscifolia var. pendula",
        "authorship": "Loudon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus lentiscifolia var. tamariscifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus leptocarpa",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus leptocarpa",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus mentha",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus microphylla",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus mixta",
        "authorship": "Bosc"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus nana",
        "authorship": "Dippel ex Koehne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus numidica",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus obtusa",
        "authorship": "Willk. & Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus orientalis",
        "authorship": "Colla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus ornus var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Dum.Cours.) Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "M.Bieb. ex Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. bornmuelleri",
        "authorship": "Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. cuspidata",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. edentata",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. hartwegii",
        "authorship": "Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. microphylla",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. nana",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. pyramidalis",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. stipitata",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa f. taurica",
        "authorship": "(Dippel) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa subsp. cuspidata",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa subsp. edentata",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa subsp. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Yalt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa subsp. stipitata",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa subsp. syriaca",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Yalt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa subsp. taurica",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. algeriensis",
        "authorship": "Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. australis",
        "authorship": "(Cambess.) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. macrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. oligophylla",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Wenz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. oxyphylla",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb.) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Wenz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. petiolulata",
        "authorship": "Karpati"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. pomeliana",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. subintegra",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxycarpa var. tamariscifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla",
        "authorship": "M.Bieb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla subsp. angustifolia",
        "authorship": "(Vahl) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla subsp. montagnei",
        "authorship": "Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla subsp. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb. ex Willd.) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla subsp. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla var. leptocarpa",
        "authorship": "A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla var. obtusa",
        "authorship": "Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla var. oligophylla",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla var. parvifolia",
        "authorship": "(Dum.Cours.) Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla var. rostrata",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Gren. & Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus oxyphylla var. subintegra",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus parviflora",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus parviflora",
        "authorship": "Aucher ex A.DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus parvifolia",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus parvifolia f. minor",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus parvifolia f. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus parvifolia var. tarraconensis",
        "authorship": "Sennen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus persica",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus pojarkoviana",
        "authorship": "V.N.Vassil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus ptacovskyi",
        "authorship": "Domin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus rostrata",
        "authorship": "Guss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "Mill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus rotundifolia f. pendula",
        "authorship": "(Loudon) Rehder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus rotundifolia subsp. oxycarpa",
        "authorship": "(M.Bieb. ex Willd.) P.S.Green"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus rotundifolia subsp. persica",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) A.E.Murray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus rotundifolia subsp. syriaca",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Yalt. ex P.S.Green"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus salicifolia",
        "authorship": "Colla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus stilboantha",
        "authorship": "Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus syriaca",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus syriaca var. oligophylla",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus syriaca var. persica",
        "authorship": "(Boiss.) Lingelsh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus tamariscifolia",
        "authorship": "Vahl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus tamariscifolia f. monophylla",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus tamariscifolia f. nana",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus tamariscifolia f. pendula",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus taurica",
        "authorship": "Dippel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Fraxinus vailhei",
        "authorship": "Aubouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Leptalix mixta",
        "authorship": "(Bosc) Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornanthes parviflora",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornanthes rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornus mammifera",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ornus rotundifolia",
        "authorship": "(Mill.) Moench"
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_angustifolia"
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  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
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      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
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      "ROM",
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      "TUE"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 44,
    "n_annotated": 313,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      8,
      15,
      10,
      2,
      1,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      1,
      1,
      6
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      18,
      26,
      34,
      42,
      41,
      28,
      23,
      29,
      24,
      20,
      15,
      13
    ],
    "share": [
      0.4444,
      0.5769,
      0.2941,
      0.0476,
      0.0244,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0.05,
      0.0667,
      0.4615
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.2456,
        0.6628
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      [
        0.3895,
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      [
        0.1683,
        0.4617
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        0.0132,
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      ],
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        0.0043,
        0.126
      ],
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        0,
        0.1206
      ],
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        0,
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      ],
      [
        0,
        0.117
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.138
      ],
      [
        0.0089,
        0.2361
      ],
      [
        0.0119,
        0.2982
      ],
      [
        0.2321,
        0.7086
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    ],
    "peak_month": 2,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 120,
      "by_month": [
        7,
        4,
        8,
        12,
        14,
        17,
        12,
        12,
        13,
        10,
        4,
        7
      ],
      "share": [
        0.3889,
        0.1538,
        0.2353,
        0.2857,
        0.3415,
        0.6071,
        0.5217,
        0.4138,
        0.5417,
        0.5,
        0.2667,
        0.5385
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.203,
          0.6138
        ],
        [
          0.0615,
          0.3353
        ],
        [
          0.1244,
          0.4
        ],
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          0.1717,
          0.4357
        ],
        [
          0.2156,
          0.4945
        ],
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          0.4241,
          0.7643
        ],
        [
          0.3296,
          0.7076
        ],
        [
          0.2551,
          0.5926
        ],
        [
          0.3507,
          0.7211
        ],
        [
          0.2993,
          0.7007
        ],
        [
          0.109,
          0.5195
        ],
        [
          0.2914,
          0.7679
        ]
      ],
      "peak_month": 6
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tree",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 11,
      "median": 14.5,
      "p95": 17.3
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 347.7,
      "median": 596,
      "p95": 720.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 23.7,
      "median": 28.5,
      "p95": 32.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -1.2,
      "median": 1.7,
      "p95": 8.6
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 451,
      "median": 667.8,
      "p95": 1273.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 16.1,
      "median": 45,
      "p95": 67.1
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 19.3,
      "median": 70,
      "p95": 160.4
    },
    "n": 2051,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2051 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/fraxinus-angustifolia/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}