{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/festuca-maritima/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "festuca-maritima",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000871003",
    "inat_taxon_id": 1100488
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Festuca maritima",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Festuca",
    "epithet": "maritima",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 75 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:403059-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "mat-grass fescue",
      "english": [
        "mat-grass fescue"
      ],
      "source": "usda"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Agropyron hispanicum",
        "authorship": "(Reichard) C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron nardus",
        "authorship": "Chevall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron unilaterale",
        "authorship": "(L.) P.Beauv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Brachypodium biunciale",
        "authorship": "(Vill.) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Brachypodium hispanicum",
        "authorship": "(Reichard) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Brachypodium montanum",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Brachypodium psilanthum",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Brachypodium psilanthum",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Brachypodium tenellum var. tenuiculum",
        "authorship": "J.Woods"
      },
      {
        "name": "Brachypodium tenuiflorum",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Brachypodium unilaterale",
        "authorship": "(L.) P.Beauv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Brachypodium unilaterale var. tenuiflorus",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catapodium halleri var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Gaut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Catapodium montanum",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) M.Laínz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catapodium tenellum var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Catapodium unilaterale",
        "authorship": "(L.) Griseb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca divaricata",
        "authorship": "Sieber ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca krausei",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca lolioides",
        "authorship": "Trin. ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca maritima var. psilurus",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca poa var. aristata",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Coss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca smithii",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca tenella var. aristata",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca tenuiflora",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca tenuiflora var. aristata",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca tenuiflora var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Lej.) Lej. & Courtois"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca unilateralis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca unilateralis subsp. maritima",
        "authorship": "(L.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca unilateralis var. aristata",
        "authorship": "Coss. & Durieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca unilateralis var. minor",
        "authorship": "Chaub."
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca unilateralis var. montana",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) Coss. & Durieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca unilateralis var. mutica",
        "authorship": "Coss. & Durieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festuca unilateralis var. subpaniculata",
        "authorship": "Mutel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Festucaria psilantha",
        "authorship": "(Link) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Micropyrum tenellum f. aristatum",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Lambinon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Micropyrum tenellum var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Pilg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus elegans",
        "authorship": "Drobow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus gandogeri",
        "authorship": "Gredilla"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus krausei",
        "authorship": "(Regel) V.I.Krecz. & Bobrov"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus lachenalii subsp. hispanicum",
        "authorship": "Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus lachenalii var. aristatus",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Boiss. ex Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus",
        "authorship": "(L.) Murb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus f. pilosus",
        "authorship": "H.Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus subsp. aristatus",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus subsp. krausei",
        "authorship": "(Regel) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus subvar. dasyanthus",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus subvar. glabriglumis",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus subvar. leianthus",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus var. biuncialis",
        "authorship": "(Vill.) Rothm. & P.Silva"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus var. muticus",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch) De Langhe"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus var. trabutii",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus maritimus var. villosus",
        "authorship": "(Maire) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus montanus",
        "authorship": "Boiss. & Reut."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus poa var. tenuiculum",
        "authorship": "Hy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus tenellus subsp. unilateralis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus tenellus var. muticus",
        "authorship": "Gren."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus tenellus var. trabutii",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus tenuiflorus",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus tenuiflorus var. muticus",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus unilateralis var. aristatus",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Nardurus woronowii",
        "authorship": "Schischk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum biunciale",
        "authorship": "Vill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum halleri var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "(Tausch) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum hispanicum",
        "authorship": "Reichard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum hispanicum",
        "authorship": "Viv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum lolioides var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "Tausch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum maritimum",
        "authorship": "Viv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum subulatum",
        "authorship": "Sm. ex Munro"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum unilaterale",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum unilaterale var. acutum",
        "authorship": "Desv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum unilaterale var. glabrum",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum unilaterale var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vulpia hispanica",
        "authorship": "(Reichard) Kerguélen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vulpia hispanica subsp. montana",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) Devesa"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vulpia maritima",
        "authorship": "Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vulpia nardus",
        "authorship": "Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vulpia tenuiflora",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Heynh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Vulpia unilateralis",
        "authorship": "(L.) Stace"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vulpia unilateralis subsp. aristata",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch) D.Rivera & M.A.Carreras"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vulpia unilateralis subsp. montana",
        "authorship": "(Boiss. & Reut.) Cabezudo, Devesa, Tormo, F.M.Vázquez & J.M.Nieto"
      },
      {
        "name": "Vulpia unilateralis subsp. tomentosa",
        "authorship": "Faramarzi & Rahimin."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": null
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 3,
    "usable_found": 3,
    "licences": [
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 183368009,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Anton Popovich",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/antonpopovich",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/cd2f4b5a-63ae-429e-bf10-457fedc65ac8",
        "observed_on": "2018-05-04",
        "lat": 44.774,
        "lon": 37.386,
        "original": {
          "width": 683,
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        },
        "widths": [
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        "urls": {
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          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183368009/r1/400.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Anton Popovich, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 183367791,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Anton Popovich",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/antonpopovich",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/cd2f4b5a-63ae-429e-bf10-457fedc65ac8",
        "observed_on": "2018-05-04",
        "lat": 44.774,
        "lon": 37.386,
        "original": {
          "width": 683,
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        },
        "widths": [
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            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/183367791/r1/400.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Anton Popovich, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 136272770,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Bastien Alegot",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/bastienalegot",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/287589a2-5ffe-4bea-8f0d-7029fc8843ad",
        "observed_on": "2021-06-13",
        "lat": 44.075,
        "lon": 3.069,
        "original": {
          "width": 575,
          "height": 1024
        },
        "widths": [
          400
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        "urls": {
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          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/136272770/r1/400.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Bastien Alegot, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALG",
      "MOR",
      "TUN",
      "AFG",
      "IRN",
      "IRQ",
      "KAZ",
      "LBS",
      "NCS",
      "PAL",
      "SAU",
      "TZK",
      "TCS",
      "TKM",
      "TUR",
      "UZB",
      "WHM",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "COR",
      "FRA",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "ITA",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "SAR",
      "SPA",
      "SWI"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "UZB",
        "name": "Uzbekistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 0,
    "n_annotated": 1,
    "sufficient": false,
    "doi": null,
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": null,
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "USDA PLANTS Database",
      "note": "common name, checklist symbol VUUN",
      "license": "public domain",
      "url": "https://plants.usda.gov/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "climate_envelope",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Fewer than 30 georeferenced research-grade observations of this taxon, which is too few to state a percentile range for the conditions it grows in. We would rather show nothing than a range computed from eight points in one county."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "insufficient_evidence",
      "reason": "Only 0 annotated flowering records, below our threshold of 30. A curve fitted to a dozen records is noise, so we do not draw one."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/festuca-maritima/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}