{ "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json", "schema_version": 1, "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/euphorbia-terracina/", "last_modified": "2025-12-15", "id": { "slug": "euphorbia-terracina", "wfo": "wfo-0000965062", "inat_taxon_id": 77119 }, "name": { "scientific": "Euphorbia terracina", "authorship": "L.", "genus": "Euphorbia", "epithet": "terracina", "family": "Euphorbiaceae", "rank": "species", "taxonomic_status": "accepted", "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06", "is_homonym": false, "published_in": "Sp. Pl. ed. 2 : 654 (1762)", "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:348473-1", "common": { "preferred": "Geraldton carnation weed", "english": [ "Geraldton carnation weed" ], "source": "wikidata" }, "synonyms": [ { "name": "Esula provincialis", "authorship": "(Willd.) Haw." }, { "name": "Esula terracina", "authorship": "Fourr." }, { "name": "Esula valentina", "authorship": "(Ortega) Haw." }, { "name": "Euphorbia abortiva", "authorship": "Porta" }, { "name": "Euphorbia affinis", "authorship": "DC." }, { "name": "Euphorbia alexandrina", "authorship": "Delile" }, { "name": "Euphorbia carullae", "authorship": "Sennen" }, { "name": "Euphorbia cyprianii", "authorship": "Maire & Sennen" }, { "name": "Euphorbia diversifolia", "authorship": "Poir." }, { "name": "Euphorbia ehrenbergii", "authorship": "Sweet" }, { "name": "Euphorbia garrullae", "authorship": "Sennen" }, { "name": "Euphorbia halacsyi", "authorship": "Formánek" }, { "name": "Euphorbia heterophylla", "authorship": "Desf." }, { "name": "Euphorbia italica", "authorship": "Tineo" }, { "name": "Euphorbia italica", "authorship": "Lam." }, { "name": "Euphorbia leiosperma", "authorship": "Sm." }, { "name": "Euphorbia linaria", "authorship": "Link" }, { "name": "Euphorbia mendax", "authorship": "Maire & Wilczek" }, { "name": "Euphorbia modesta", "authorship": "Boiss." }, { "name": "Euphorbia neapolitana", "authorship": "Ten." }, { "name": "Euphorbia obliquata", "authorship": "Forssk." }, { "name": "Euphorbia obtusifolia", "authorship": "Lam." }, { "name": "Euphorbia panacea", "authorship": "Webb & Berthel." }, { "name": "Euphorbia provincialis", "authorship": "Willd." }, { "name": "Euphorbia provincialis var. latifolia", "authorship": "Boiss." }, { "name": "Euphorbia provincialis var. retusa", "authorship": "Boiss." }, { "name": "Euphorbia purpurascens", "authorship": "Salzm. ex Ball" }, { "name": "Euphorbia ramosissima", "authorship": "Loisel." }, { "name": "Euphorbia rhombea", "authorship": "Willd. ex Link" }, { "name": "Euphorbia seticornis", "authorship": "Poir." }, { "name": "Euphorbia tenuicuspis", "authorship": "Guss. ex Rchb." }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina f. angustifolia", "authorship": "Batt." }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina f. latifolia", "authorship": "(Boiss.) Vindt" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina f. retusa", "authorship": "(Boiss.) Vindt" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina subsp. valentina", "authorship": "(Ortega) Pérez Lara" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina subvar. provincialis", "authorship": "(Willd.) Pérez Lara" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina subvar. serratifolia", "authorship": "A.Bolòs" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina subvar. valentina", "authorship": null }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. alexandrina", "authorship": "(Delile) El Karemy" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. almeriensis", "authorship": "Sennen" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. angustifolia", "authorship": "Lange" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. delortii", "authorship": "Timb.-Lagr. ex Nyman" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. ecarunculata", "authorship": "Boiss." }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. hieronymi", "authorship": "Sennen" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. latifolia", "authorship": "(Boiss.) Willk. & Lange" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. leiosperma", "authorship": "(Sm.) Halácsy" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. mendax", "authorship": "(Maire & Wilczek) Maire" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. modesta", "authorship": "(Boiss.) Boiss." }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. multicaulis", "authorship": "Batt." }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. obliquata", "authorship": "(Forssk.) Fiori" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. ramosissima", "authorship": "(Loisel.) Nyman" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. retusa", "authorship": "(Boiss.) Willk. & Lange" }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. trapezoidalis", "authorship": "(Viv.) Hochr." }, { "name": "Euphorbia terracina var. variicornis", "authorship": "Maire & Sennen" }, { "name": "Euphorbia trapezoidalis", "authorship": "Viv." }, { "name": "Euphorbia valentina", "authorship": "Ortega" }, { "name": "Euphorbia verna", "authorship": "Salzm. ex Ball" }, { "name": "Keraselma diversifolium", "authorship": "(Poir.) Raf." }, { "name": "Keraselma provinciale", "authorship": "(Willd.) Raf." }, { "name": "Keraselma provincialis", "authorship": "Raf." }, { "name": "Lophobios terracina", "authorship": "Raf." }, { "name": "Tithymalus panaceus", "authorship": "(Webb & Berthel.) Klotzsch & Garcke" }, { "name": "Tithymalus terracinus", "authorship": "Klotzsch & Garcke" }, { "name": "Tithymalus trapezoidalis", "authorship": "(Viv.) Klotzsch & Garcke" } ], "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_terracina" }, "photographs": { "shown": 8, "usable_found": 464, "licences": [ "CC0", "CC-BY", "CC-BY-SA" ], "noncommercial_excluded": true, "items": [ { "photo_id": 189478744, "license": "CC-BY", "license_name": "CC BY 4.0", "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "derivatives_restricted": false, "creator": "Katrin Simon", "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/katrin_simon", "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1ea84ce3-efc0-4589-9a95-35b70fba9e4a", "observed_on": "2022-04-19", "lat": 39.796, "lon": 3.104, "original": { "width": 1024, "height": 755 }, "widths": [ 400, 800 ], "urls": { "avif": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/189478744/r1/400.avif", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/189478744/r1/800.avif" }, "jpeg": { "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/189478744/r1/400.jpg", "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/189478744/r1/800.jpg" } }, "attribution": 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"license": "CC BY 3.0", "excludes": [ "introduced", "extinct", "location_doubtful" ], "codes": [ "ALG", "CNY", "EGY", "LBY", "MDR", "MOR", "TUN", "CYP", "EAI", "LBS", "PAL", "SAU", "SIN", "TCS", "TUR", "YEM", "ALB", "BAL", "COR", "FRA", "GRC", "HUN", "ITA", "KRI", "YUG", "POR", "SAR", "SIC", "SPA", "TUE", "UKR" ], "regions": [ { "code": "ALG", "name": "Algeria", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northern Africa" }, { "code": "CNY", "name": "Canary Is.", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Macaronesia" }, { "code": "EGY", "name": "Egypt", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northern Africa" }, { "code": "LBY", "name": "Libya", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northern Africa" }, { "code": "MDR", "name": "Madeira", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Macaronesia" }, { "code": "MOR", "name": "Morocco", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northern Africa" }, { "code": "TUN", "name": "Tunisia", "continent": "AFRICA", "region": "Northern Africa" }, { "code": "CYP", "name": "Cyprus", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Western Asia" }, { "code": "EAI", "name": "East Aegean Is.", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Western Asia" }, { "code": "LBS", "name": "Lebanon-Syria", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Western Asia" }, { "code": "PAL", "name": "Palestine", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Western Asia" }, { "code": "SAU", "name": "Saudi Arabia", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Arabian Peninsula" }, { "code": "SIN", "name": "Sinai", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Western Asia" }, { "code": "TCS", "name": "Transcaucasus", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Caucasus" }, { "code": "TUR", "name": "Türkiye", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Western Asia" }, { "code": "YEM", "name": "Yemen", "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE", "region": "Arabian Peninsula" }, { "code": "ALB", "name": "Albania", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southeastern Europe" }, { "code": "BAL", "name": "Baleares", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southwestern Europe" }, { "code": "COR", "name": "Corse", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southwestern Europe" }, { "code": "FRA", "name": "France", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southwestern Europe" }, { "code": "GRC", "name": "Greece", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southeastern Europe" }, { "code": "HUN", "name": "Hungary", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Middle Europe" }, { "code": "ITA", "name": "Italy", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southeastern Europe" }, { "code": "KRI", "name": "Kriti", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southeastern Europe" }, { "code": "YUG", "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southeastern Europe" }, { "code": "POR", "name": "Portugal", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southwestern Europe" }, { "code": "SAR", "name": "Sardegna", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southwestern Europe" }, { "code": "SIC", "name": "Sicilia", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southeastern Europe" }, { "code": "SPA", "name": "Spain", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southwestern Europe" }, { "code": "TUE", "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Southeastern Europe" }, { "code": "UKR", "name": "Ukraine", "continent": "EUROPE", "region": "Eastern Europe" } ] }, "phenology": { "n": 209, "n_annotated": 258, "sufficient": true, "by_month": [ 10, 25, 38, 23, 13, 4, 3, 18, 44, 17, 6, 8 ], "annotated_by_month": [ 12, 27, 45, 27, 17, 9, 4, 20, 50, 24, 13, 10 ], "share": [ 0.8333, 0.9259, 0.8444, 0.8519, 0.7647, 0.4444, null, 0.9, 0.88, 0.7083, 0.4615, 0.8 ], "ci": [ [ 0.552, 0.953 ], [ 0.7663, 0.9794 ], [ 0.7122, 0.9225 ], [ 0.6752, 0.9408 ], [ 0.5274, 0.9045 ], [ 0.1888, 0.7334 ], null, [ 0.699, 0.9721 ], [ 0.7619, 0.9438 ], [ 0.5083, 0.8509 ], [ 0.2321, 0.7086 ], [ 0.4902, 0.9433 ] ], "peak_month": 2, "peak_basis": "share", "min_month_n": 5, "fruiting": { "n": 94, "by_month": [ 3, 7, 14, 15, 11, 5, 2, 1, 8, 12, 9, 7 ], "share": [ 0.25, 0.2593, 0.3111, 0.5556, 0.6471, 0.5556, null, 0.05, 0.16, 0.5, 0.6923, 0.7 ], "ci": [ [ 0.0889, 0.5323 ], [ 0.1317, 0.4468 ], [ 0.1953, 0.4567 ], [ 0.3731, 0.7241 ], [ 0.413, 0.8269 ], [ 0.2666, 0.8112 ], null, [ 0.0089, 0.2361 ], [ 0.0834, 0.2851 ], [ 0.3143, 0.6857 ], [ 0.4237, 0.8732 ], [ 0.3968, 0.8922 ] ], "peak_month": 12 }, "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x", "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)", "fields": { "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)", "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".", "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.", "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.", "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count." } }, "traits": { "lifeform": "subshrub", "climate": "subtropical" }, "climate_envelope": { "mean_annual_temp_c": { "p5": 15.2, "median": 16.7, "p95": 18.9 }, "temp_seasonality": { "p5": 202.6, "median": 333.2, "p95": 559.9 }, "max_temp_warmest_month_c": { "p5": 20.8, "median": 26, "p95": 31.2 }, "min_temp_coldest_month_c": { "p5": 5.5, "median": 9.4, "p95": 12.2 }, "annual_precip_mm": { "p5": 317.7, "median": 562.5, "p95": 1030.6 }, "precip_seasonality": { "p5": 33.7, "median": 72.3, "p95": 101.2 }, "precip_driest_quarter_mm": { "p5": 3.3, "median": 25.8, "p95": 119.2 }, "n": 2009, "units": { "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius", "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)", "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)", "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year", "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter" }, "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec", "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.", "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x", "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2009 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.", "is_hardiness_zone": false, "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other." }, "identification": { "on_device_model": { "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)", "identifies_this_species": false }, "in_accuracy_benchmark": false, "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/", "confused_with": [] }, "sources": [ { "name": "World Flora Online Plant List", "note": "accepted name, authority, classification", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-12" }, { "name": "iNaturalist", "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only", "license": "per photograph", "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/", "retrieved": "2026-06-27" }, { "name": "Wikidata", "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)", "license": "CC0", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/", "retrieved": "2026-07-13" }, { "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)", "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form", "license": "CC BY 3.0", "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr", "retrieved": "2026-06-04" } ], "gaps": [ { "field": "care", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted." }, { "field": "toxicity", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready." }, { "field": "botanical_review", "status": "not_sourced", "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page." }, { "field": "hardiness_zone", "status": "not_published", "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all." } ], "license": { "data": "CC BY 4.0", "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/euphorbia-terracina/", "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)." } }