{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/ephedra-distachya/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "ephedra-distachya",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000794343",
    "inat_taxon_id": 340431
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Ephedra distachya",
    "authorship": "L.",
    "genus": "Ephedra",
    "epithet": "distachya",
    "family": "Ephedraceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Sp. Pl. : 1040 (1753)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:383381-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Sea Grape",
      "english": [
        "Sea Grape",
        "join",
        "jointfir"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Chaetocladus distachys",
        "authorship": "(L.) J.Nelson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra arborea",
        "authorship": "Lag. ex Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra botryoides",
        "authorship": "Fisch. & C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra clusii",
        "authorship": "Dufour"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra distachya f. caspia",
        "authorship": "Fomin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra distachya f. circinnata",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra distachya subsp. monostachya",
        "authorship": "(L.) Riedl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra distachya subvar. linnaei",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra distachya subvar. monostachya",
        "authorship": "(L.) Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra distachya var. caspia",
        "authorship": "(Fomin) Grossh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra distachya var. media",
        "authorship": "(C.A.Mey.) Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra dubia",
        "authorship": "Regel"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra equisetiformis subsp. distachya",
        "authorship": "(L.) Bonnier & Layens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra helvetica",
        "authorship": "C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra helvetica f. gracilis",
        "authorship": "G.Negri"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra linnaei",
        "authorship": "Stapf ex Koehne"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra macrocephala",
        "authorship": "Bertol."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra maritima",
        "authorship": "St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra media",
        "authorship": "C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra minor",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra monostachya",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra negrii",
        "authorship": "Nouviant"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra podostylax",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra polygonoides",
        "authorship": "Pall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra rigida",
        "authorship": "St.-Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra subtristachya",
        "authorship": "C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra vulgaris subsp. helvetica",
        "authorship": "(C.A.Mey.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra vulgaris var. arborea",
        "authorship": "(Lag. ex Bertol.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra vulgaris var. media",
        "authorship": "C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra vulgaris var. minor",
        "authorship": "(Host) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra vulgaris var. monostachya",
        "authorship": "(L.) C.A.Mey."
      },
      {
        "name": "Ephedra vulgaris var. submonostachya",
        "authorship": "C.A.Mey."
      }
    ],
    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra_distachya"
  },
  "photographs": {
    "shown": 8,
    "usable_found": 524,
    "licences": [
      "CC-BY"
    ],
    "noncommercial_excluded": true,
    "items": [
      {
        "photo_id": 197694719,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Svyatoslav Knyazev",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/sknyazev",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4deb44b8-b14b-498d-ae92-511be3011e1f",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-14",
        "lat": 53.715,
        "lon": 73.348,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 577
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197694719/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197694719/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197694719/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/197694719/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Svyatoslav Knyazev, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 196458119,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Aleksei Baushev",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/aleksey_baushev",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8d8a148a-eacb-4720-9274-437202989c9e",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-07",
        "lat": 49.16,
        "lon": 43.391,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/196458119/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/196458119/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/196458119/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/196458119/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Aleksei Baushev, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 195538742,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Valentin Kosterin",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/valentin_kosterin",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7f9ffeb7-46e4-4648-8a7f-816a072441e2",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-02",
        "lat": 54.98,
        "lon": 83.014,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 766
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195538742/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195538742/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195538742/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/195538742/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Valentin Kosterin, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 194744738,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Oleg Kosterin",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/oleg_kosterin",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/b5e7239f-f122-45a7-af55-b01d9da3e0e6",
        "observed_on": "2022-05-02",
        "lat": 54.98,
        "lon": 83.014,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194744738/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194744738/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194744738/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/194744738/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Oleg Kosterin, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 179139620,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Galyna Mykytynets",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/galyna_mykytynets",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/e888f513-39d4-4e0a-9f28-e343524b99f7",
        "observed_on": "2022-02-11",
        "lat": 46.556,
        "lon": 35.298,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139620/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139620/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139620/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139620/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Galyna Mykytynets, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 179139700,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Galyna Mykytynets",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/galyna_mykytynets",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5d0ed1c8-c470-471d-8dae-a2b6a4d9a363",
        "observed_on": "2022-02-11",
        "lat": 46.558,
        "lon": 35.297,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139700/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139700/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139700/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139700/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Galyna Mykytynets, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 179139196,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Galyna Mykytynets",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/galyna_mykytynets",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/22da1ffc-0ea8-4bdb-b688-64a9e7ae36d5",
        "observed_on": "2022-02-11",
        "lat": 46.556,
        "lon": 35.298,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 768
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139196/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139196/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139196/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/179139196/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Galyna Mykytynets, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      },
      {
        "photo_id": 165132611,
        "license": "CC-BY",
        "license_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "derivatives_restricted": false,
        "creator": "Aleksei Baushev",
        "creator_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/people/aleksey_baushev",
        "source_url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/5b23ada3-f83a-42c7-8304-eb03b30ed3af",
        "observed_on": "2021-10-23",
        "lat": 51.511,
        "lon": 38.677,
        "original": {
          "width": 1024,
          "height": 683
        },
        "widths": [
          400,
          800
        ],
        "urls": {
          "avif": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165132611/r1/400.avif",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165132611/r1/800.avif"
          },
          "jpeg": {
            "400": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165132611/r1/400.jpg",
            "800": "https://img.botanai.app/p/165132611/r1/800.jpg"
          }
        },
        "attribution": "Aleksei Baushev, CC BY 4.0, via iNaturalist"
      }
    ]
  },
  "native_range": {
    "scheme": "TDWG World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, level 3",
    "source": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
    "license": "CC BY 3.0",
    "excludes": [
      "introduced",
      "extinct",
      "location_doubtful"
    ],
    "codes": [
      "ALT",
      "CHI",
      "KAZ",
      "LBS",
      "NCS",
      "PRM",
      "TCS",
      "TKM",
      "TUR",
      "WSB",
      "CHX",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "RUE",
      "FRA",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ITA",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHI",
        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PRM",
        "name": "Primorye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TKM",
        "name": "Turkmenistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "subshrub",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 4,
      "median": 10.7,
      "p95": 15.3
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 498.2,
      "median": 903.7,
      "p95": 1274.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 22.8,
      "median": 26.5,
      "p95": 30.7
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -16.4,
      "median": -4.3,
      "p95": 5.8
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 279.2,
      "median": 522.8,
      "p95": 855.8
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 14.9,
      "median": 23.7,
      "p95": 41.5
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 46.9,
      "median": 96.7,
      "p95": 154.9
    },
    "n": 1982,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1982 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/ephedra-distachya/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}