{
  "$schema": "https://botanai.app/schema/species-v1.json",
  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/elymus-repens/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "elymus-repens",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000866643",
    "inat_taxon_id": 60284
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Elymus repens",
    "authorship": "(L.) Gould",
    "genus": "Elymus",
    "epithet": "repens",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Madroño 9: 127 (1947)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:90320-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "quackgrass",
      "english": [
        "quackgrass"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Agropyron altissimum",
        "authorship": "(Schur) Schur ex P.Candargy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron arundinaceum",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) P.Candargy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron bromiforme",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron caesium",
        "authorship": "J.Presl & C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron caesium prol. koeleri",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron caesium subsp. koeleri",
        "authorship": "(Rouy) Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron calcareum",
        "authorship": "Cernjavski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron caldesii",
        "authorship": "Goiran"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron caninum f. caesium",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron collinum",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron dumetorum",
        "authorship": "(Roem. & Schult.) Trautv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron elatum",
        "authorship": "Opiz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron elongatiforme",
        "authorship": "Drobow"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron firmum",
        "authorship": "J.Presl & C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron intermedium var. arenosum",
        "authorship": "(Spenn.) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron junceum var. repens",
        "authorship": "(L.) T.Marsson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron koeleri",
        "authorship": "Rouy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron leersianum",
        "authorship": "(Wulfen ex Schreb.) Rydb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron littoreum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach.) O.Schwarz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron loliiforme",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron maeoticum",
        "authorship": "Prokudin ex Desjat.-Shost."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron maeoticum",
        "authorship": "Prokudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron maritimum",
        "authorship": "Jansen & Wacht."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron multiflorum",
        "authorship": "P.Beauv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron nicaeense",
        "authorship": "Goiran"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron pseudocaesium",
        "authorship": "(Pacz.) Zoz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens",
        "authorship": "(L.) P.Beauv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. aristatum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach.) Holmb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. capillare",
        "authorship": "(Pers.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. geniculatum",
        "authorship": "Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. heberhachis",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. loliiforme",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. multiflorum",
        "authorship": "(Pers.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. pectinatum",
        "authorship": "(F.W.Schultz) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. pilosum",
        "authorship": "(Scribn.) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. podperae",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. setiferum",
        "authorship": "Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. stenophyllum",
        "authorship": "(Asch. & Graebn.) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. stoloniferum",
        "authorship": "Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. subpubescens",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. subulatiforme",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. trichorrhachis",
        "authorship": "Rohlena"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. vaillantianum",
        "authorship": "(Wulfen ex Schreb.) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens f. viride",
        "authorship": "(T.Marsson) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens subsp. elongatiforme",
        "authorship": "(Drobow) D.R.Dewey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens subsp. littoreum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach.) Cif. & Giacom."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens subsp. majus",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens subsp. pseudocaesium",
        "authorship": "(Pacz.) Lavrenko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens subvar. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Döll) Litard."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. altissimum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. arenosum",
        "authorship": "(Spenn.) Fiori"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "Baumg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "(Schumach.) Roshev."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. arundinaceum",
        "authorship": "(Fr.) Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. arvense",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. atherotum",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. atlantis",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. barbatum",
        "authorship": "De Wild. & T.Durand"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. bispiculata",
        "authorship": "Roshev."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. bispiculatum",
        "authorship": "Roshev."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. bromiforme",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. caesium",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. capillare",
        "authorship": "(Pers. ex Peterm.) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. collinum",
        "authorship": "(Opiz) Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. distans",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. dumetorum",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. firmum",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) Rchb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. glaucum",
        "authorship": "Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. hirsutifolium",
        "authorship": "Chevall."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. imbricatum",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. koeleri",
        "authorship": "(Rouy) P.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. leersianum",
        "authorship": "(Wulfen) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. maritimum",
        "authorship": "Grecescu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. microstachyum",
        "authorship": "Albert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. mucronatum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. muticum",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. nemorale",
        "authorship": "(Andersson) Farw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. pilosum",
        "authorship": "Scribn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. pseudocaesium",
        "authorship": "Pacz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. pseudolittoreum",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Döll) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. recurvum",
        "authorship": "Grossh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. squarrosum",
        "authorship": "Lange"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. subulatum",
        "authorship": "Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. trichosum",
        "authorship": "Morariu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. tudensis",
        "authorship": "Merino"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. vaillantianum",
        "authorship": "(Wulfen ex Schreb.) Roem. & Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. vulgare",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron repens var. vulgare",
        "authorship": "(Döll) Kneuck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron rifeum",
        "authorship": "Sennen & Mauricio"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron sachalinense",
        "authorship": "Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron subulatiforme f. viride",
        "authorship": "(T.Marsson) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron subulatum",
        "authorship": "(Roem. & Schult.) Herter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Agropyron vaillantianum",
        "authorship": "(Wulfen ex Schreb.) Trautv."
      },
      {
        "name": "Braconotia officinarum",
        "authorship": "Godr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromus glaber",
        "authorship": "Scop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Bromus villosus",
        "authorship": "Scop."
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus arenosus",
        "authorship": "(Spenn.) Conert"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus caesius",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) G.H.Loos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus campestris subsp. maritimus",
        "authorship": "(W.D.J.Koch & Ziz) Lambinon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus caninus",
        "authorship": "Roth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus dumetorum",
        "authorship": "Hoffm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus elongatiformis",
        "authorship": "(Drobow) Assadi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus littoreus",
        "authorship": "(Schumach.) Lambinon"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus neogaeus",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus repens f. aristatus",
        "authorship": "(Schumach.) Stace"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus repens subsp. caesius",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus repens subsp. pseudocaesius",
        "authorship": "(Pacz.) Melderis"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus repens var. aristatus",
        "authorship": "(Baumg.) Melderis & D.C.McClint."
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus repens var. dumetorum",
        "authorship": "(Hoffm.) Prokh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus repens var. subulatus",
        "authorship": "(Roem. & Schult.) Szczep."
      },
      {
        "name": "Elymus vaillantianus",
        "authorship": "(Wulfen ex Schreb.) K.B.Jensen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia arenosa",
        "authorship": "(Spenn.) H.Scholz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia calcarea",
        "authorship": "(Cernjavski) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia campestris subsp. maritima",
        "authorship": "(Tzvelev) H.Scholz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia dominii",
        "authorship": "V.Jirásek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia elongatiformis",
        "authorship": "(Drobow) Nevski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia ikonnikovii",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia levadica",
        "authorship": "Kuvaev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia litorea",
        "authorship": "(Schumach.) Hyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia maeotica",
        "authorship": "(Prokudin) Prokudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia maritima",
        "authorship": "Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia pseudocaesia",
        "authorship": "(Pacz.) Prokudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia quercetorum",
        "authorship": "Prokudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens",
        "authorship": "(L.) Nevski"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens f. aristata",
        "authorship": "(Schumach.) Beetle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens f. aristatum",
        "authorship": "(Schum.) Beetle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens subsp. arenosa",
        "authorship": "(Melderis) Á.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens subsp. caesia",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) Dostál"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens subsp. calcarea",
        "authorship": "(Cernjavski) Á.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens subsp. elongatiformis",
        "authorship": "(Drobow) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens subsp. koeleri",
        "authorship": "(Rouy) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens subsp. longiaristata",
        "authorship": "N.R.Cui"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens subsp. pseudocaesia",
        "authorship": "(Pacz.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. aristata",
        "authorship": "(Baumg.) P.D.Sell"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. bispiculata",
        "authorship": "(Roshev.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. caesia",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) Prokudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. glauca",
        "authorship": "(Döll) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. leersianum",
        "authorship": "(Roem. & Schult.) Prokudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. maritima",
        "authorship": "Hyl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "(Döll) Prokudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. subulatum",
        "authorship": "(Roem. & Schult.) Seberg & G.Petersen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. vaillantiana",
        "authorship": "(Wulfen ex Schreb.) Prokudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia repens var. vulgare",
        "authorship": "(Döll) Prokudin"
      },
      {
        "name": "Elytrigia vaillantiana",
        "authorship": "(Wulfen ex Schreb.) Beetle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Frumentum repens",
        "authorship": "(L.) E.H.L.Krause"
      },
      {
        "name": "Michelaria villosa",
        "authorship": "Dumort. ex Thielens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum arundinaceum",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum arvense",
        "authorship": "Schreb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum caesium",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum caesium",
        "authorship": "Harz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum dumetorum",
        "authorship": "Honck."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum dumetorum",
        "authorship": "Schreb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum firmum",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum glaucum",
        "authorship": "Host"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum imbricatum",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum infestum",
        "authorship": "Salisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum intermedium",
        "authorship": "Hegetschw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum leersianum",
        "authorship": "Wulfen ex Schreb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum littoreum",
        "authorship": "Schumach."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum multiflorum",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum ramosum",
        "authorship": "Beck ex Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens f. capillare",
        "authorship": "Pers. ex Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens f. multiflorum",
        "authorship": "Peterm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens f. pectinatum",
        "authorship": "R. & O.Schulz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens f. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens f. viride",
        "authorship": "T.Marsson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens f. viride",
        "authorship": "Marss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens subsp. arenosum",
        "authorship": "Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens subsp. arenosus",
        "authorship": "Petif"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens subsp. muticum",
        "authorship": "Schübl. & G.Martens"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens unranked arundinaceum",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. arenosum",
        "authorship": "Petif"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. arenosum",
        "authorship": "Spenn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. aristatum",
        "authorship": "Schumach."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. arvense",
        "authorship": "(Schreb.) Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. boreale",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. caesium",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. caesium",
        "authorship": "(J.Presl) Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. capillare",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. compactum",
        "authorship": "Vasey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. domesticum",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. dubium",
        "authorship": "Laest."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. dumetorum",
        "authorship": "(Roem. & Schult.) Klett & Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. glaucum",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. major",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. maritimum",
        "authorship": "W.D.J.Koch & Ziz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. minus",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. multiflorum",
        "authorship": "Pers."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. nanum",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. nemorale",
        "authorship": "Fr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. pectinatum",
        "authorship": "F.W.Schultz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. pubescens",
        "authorship": "Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. sabulicola",
        "authorship": "Pančić"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. semiverticillatum",
        "authorship": "Waisb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. sepium",
        "authorship": "Borbás"
      },
      {
        "name": "Triticum repens var. stenophyllum",
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        "name": "Triticum reptans",
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        "name": "Triticum sepium",
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        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ICE",
        "name": "Iceland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 168,
    "n_annotated": 329,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      2,
      1,
      0,
      3,
      7,
      97,
      46,
      9,
      0,
      1,
      1,
      1
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      8,
      2,
      3,
      7,
      13,
      126,
      93,
      42,
      16,
      13,
      5,
      1
    ],
    "share": [
      0.25,
      null,
      null,
      0.4286,
      0.5385,
      0.7698,
      0.4946,
      0.2143,
      0,
      0.0769,
      0.2,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.0715,
        0.5907
      ],
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.1582,
        0.7495
      ],
      [
        0.2914,
        0.7679
      ],
      [
        0.689,
        0.8347
      ],
      [
        0.3953,
        0.5944
      ],
      [
        0.1171,
        0.3594
      ],
      [
        0,
        0.1936
      ],
      [
        0.0137,
        0.3331
      ],
      [
        0.0362,
        0.6245
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 6,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 142,
      "by_month": [
        6,
        1,
        3,
        4,
        2,
        18,
        45,
        32,
        15,
        12,
        4,
        0
      ],
      "share": [
        0.75,
        null,
        null,
        0.5714,
        0.1538,
        0.1429,
        0.4839,
        0.7619,
        0.9375,
        0.9231,
        0.8,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0.4093,
          0.9285
        ],
        null,
        null,
        [
          0.2505,
          0.8418
        ],
        [
          0.0433,
          0.4224
        ],
        [
          0.0923,
          0.2145
        ],
        [
          0.385,
          0.584
        ],
        [
          0.6147,
          0.8652
        ],
        [
          0.7167,
          0.9889
        ],
        [
          0.6669,
          0.9863
        ],
        [
          0.3755,
          0.9638
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial or rhizomatous geophyte",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 0.2,
      "median": 5.5,
      "p95": 11.2
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 520.3,
      "median": 961.2,
      "p95": 1303.1
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 19.5,
      "median": 23.3,
      "p95": 27.6
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -23.2,
      "median": -10.8,
      "p95": 1.1
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 416,
      "median": 659.3,
      "p95": 1165
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 12.4,
      "median": 29.6,
      "p95": 73.7
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 37.9,
      "median": 106.6,
      "p95": 226.7
    },
    "n": 2038,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2038 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/elymus-repens/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}