{
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  "schema_version": 1,
  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/eleocharis-palustris/",
  "last_modified": "2025-12-15",
  "id": {
    "slug": "eleocharis-palustris",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000405590",
    "inat_taxon_id": 76782
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Eleocharis palustris",
    "authorship": "(L.) Roem. & Schult.",
    "genus": "Eleocharis",
    "epithet": "palustris",
    "family": "Cyperaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Syst. Veg., ed. 15[bis]. 2: 151 (1817)",
    "protologue_url": "https://www.cyperaceae.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=593121",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Common Spike-rush",
      "english": [
        "Common Spike-rush",
        "common spikerush"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Bulbostylis palustris",
        "authorship": "(L.) Steven"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chlorocharis palustris",
        "authorship": "(L.) Rikli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Clavula palustris",
        "authorship": "(L.) Dumort."
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus paluster",
        "authorship": "Missbach & E.H.L.Krause"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus paluster var. uniglumoides",
        "authorship": "E.H.L.Krause"
      },
      {
        "name": "Cyperus palustris",
        "authorship": "(L.) Sessé & Moc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis appendiculata",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis boissieri",
        "authorship": "Podp."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis crassa",
        "authorship": "C.A.Mey. ex Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis crassa",
        "authorship": "Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Zinserl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis ecarinata",
        "authorship": "Zinserl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis eupalustris",
        "authorship": "H.Lindb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis filiculmis",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis glaucescens",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis globularis",
        "authorship": "Zinserl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis gracilis",
        "authorship": "Hayek"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis haematolepis",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis intersita",
        "authorship": "Zinserl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis intersita f. acetosa",
        "authorship": "Tang & F.T.Wang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis intersita f. acetosa",
        "authorship": "Tang & F.T.Wang ex Y.L.Chang"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis kasakstanica",
        "authorship": "Zinserl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis kitamurana",
        "authorship": "T.Koyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis lereschii subsp. nebrodensis",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis levinae",
        "authorship": "Zoz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis limosa",
        "authorship": "Drège"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis limosa",
        "authorship": "Drege"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis lindbergii",
        "authorship": "(Strandh.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis minima f. major",
        "authorship": "Boeckeler"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis minima var. mexicensis",
        "authorship": "H.Pfeiff."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis minor",
        "authorship": "Mazziari"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis nebrodensis",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis oxystachys",
        "authorship": "Sakalo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris f. frigida",
        "authorship": "Halácsy"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris f. italica",
        "authorship": "A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris f. submersa",
        "authorship": "Glück"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris subsp. globularis",
        "authorship": "(Zinserl.) T.V.Egorova"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris subsp. intersita",
        "authorship": "(Zinserl.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris subsp. lindbergii",
        "authorship": "(Strandh.) Tzvelev"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris subsp. microcarpa",
        "authorship": "Walters"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris subsp. minor",
        "authorship": "(Schrad.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris subsp. nebrodensis",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris subsp. reptans",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris subsp. vigens",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) A.Haines"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris subsp. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Walters"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. arenaria",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. crassa",
        "authorship": "(Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Zinserl.) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. degenerata",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) Coss. & Germ."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) A.Gray"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. globularis",
        "authorship": "(Zinserl.) A.E.Kozhevn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. kurilensis",
        "authorship": "A.E.Kozhevn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. lindbergii",
        "authorship": "Strandh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. major",
        "authorship": "Sond."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. minor",
        "authorship": "Hook."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. minor",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. nebrodensis",
        "authorship": "(Parl.) A.Terracc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. palustris",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. quaesita",
        "authorship": "(Kitag.) T.Koyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. repens",
        "authorship": "Maire & Petitm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. reptans",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. reptans",
        "authorship": "Trab."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustris var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis palustromicrocarpa",
        "authorship": "Á.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis quaesita",
        "authorship": "Kitag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis smallii",
        "authorship": "Britton"
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis smallii var. major",
        "authorship": "(Sond.) F.Seym."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis striata",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex Engl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Eleocharis vulgaris",
        "authorship": "Á.Löve & D.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Limnochloa capensis",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Megadenus palustris",
        "authorship": "(L.) Raf."
      },
      {
        "name": "Schoenus palustris",
        "authorship": "(L.) Bernh."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus acicularis",
        "authorship": "Oeder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus appendiculatus",
        "authorship": "(Phil.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus baeothryon",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus bailii",
        "authorship": "Kohts"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus caespitosus",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus campestris",
        "authorship": "Willd. ex Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus conicus",
        "authorship": "C.Presl ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus glaucescens",
        "authorship": "Willd."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus intermedius",
        "authorship": "Thuill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus lanceaeglumis",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus lanceiglumis",
        "authorship": "C.B.Clarke"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus ovatus",
        "authorship": "Gilib."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus palustris",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus palustris var. limburgensis",
        "authorship": "Lej."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus palustris var. major",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus palustris var. maximus",
        "authorship": "Roth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus palustris var. minor",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus palustris var. reptans",
        "authorship": "Mérat"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus palustris var. uniglumis",
        "authorship": "Junge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus palustris var. vulgaris",
        "authorship": "(Čelak.) Čelak."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus palustromicrocarpus",
        "authorship": "(Á.Löve) Á.Löve"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus parvulus var. bailii",
        "authorship": "(Kohts) Nyman"
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      {
        "name": "Scirpus reptans",
        "authorship": "Thuill."
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus tenuis",
        "authorship": "Schreb. ex Schweigg. & Körte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Scirpus varius",
        "authorship": "Schreb. ex Schweigg. & Körte"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trichophyllum palustre",
        "authorship": "(L.) House"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trichophyllum palustre var. glaucescens",
        "authorship": "(Willd.) House"
      },
      {
        "name": "Trichophyllum palustre var. vigens",
        "authorship": "(L.H.Bailey) House"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleocharis_palustris"
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      "CYP",
      "EAI",
      "CHI",
      "IRN",
      "IRQ",
      "IRK",
      "JAP",
      "KAZ",
      "KGZ",
      "KRA",
      "KUR",
      "LBS",
      "CHM",
      "MON",
      "NCS",
      "PAL",
      "PRM",
      "CHQ",
      "SAK",
      "TCS",
      "TVA",
      "TUR",
      "WSB",
      "CHX",
      "YAK",
      "YEM",
      "ASS",
      "BAN",
      "NEP",
      "PAK",
      "WHM",
      "ALB",
      "AUT",
      "BAL",
      "BLT",
      "BLR",
      "BGM",
      "BUL",
      "RUC",
      "COR",
      "CZE",
      "DEN",
      "RUE",
      "FIN",
      "FRA",
      "FOR",
      "GER",
      "GRB",
      "GRC",
      "HUN",
      "ICE",
      "IRE",
      "ITA",
      "KRI",
      "KRY",
      "YUG",
      "NET",
      "RUN",
      "RUW",
      "NOR",
      "POL",
      "POR",
      "ROM",
      "SAR",
      "SIC",
      "RUS",
      "SPA",
      "SWE",
      "SWI",
      "TUE",
      "UKR",
      "ALA",
      "ASK",
      "ABT",
      "ARI",
      "ARK",
      "BRC",
      "CAL",
      "COL",
      "CNT",
      "DEL",
      "GNL",
      "IDA",
      "ILL",
      "INI",
      "IOW",
      "KAN",
      "KTY",
      "LAB",
      "LOU",
      "MAI",
      "MAN",
      "MRY",
      "MAS",
      "MXE",
      "MIC",
      "MIN",
      "MSI",
      "MSO",
      "MNT",
      "NEB",
      "NEV",
      "NBR",
      "NWH",
      "NWJ",
      "NWM",
      "NWY",
      "NFL",
      "NCA",
      "NDA",
      "NWT",
      "NSC",
      "NUN",
      "OHI",
      "OKL",
      "ONT",
      "ORE",
      "PEN",
      "PEI",
      "QUE",
      "RHO",
      "SAS",
      "SCA",
      "SDA",
      "TEN",
      "TEX",
      "UTA",
      "VER",
      "VRG",
      "WAS",
      "WVA",
      "WIS",
      "WYO",
      "YUK"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AZO",
        "name": "Azores",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CNY",
        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDR",
        "name": "Madeira",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALT",
        "name": "Altay",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BRY",
        "name": "Buryatiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CTA",
        "name": "Chita",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHI",
        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRK",
        "name": "Irkutsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KAZ",
        "name": "Kazakhstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KGZ",
        "name": "Kirgizstan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRA",
        "name": "Krasnoyarsk",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHM",
        "name": "Manchuria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "MON",
        "name": "Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Mongolia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCS",
        "name": "North Caucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PRM",
        "name": "Primorye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHQ",
        "name": "Qinghai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAK",
        "name": "Sakhalin",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVA",
        "name": "Tuva",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSB",
        "name": "West Siberia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YAK",
        "name": "Yakutiya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Siberia"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALB",
        "name": "Albania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "AUT",
        "name": "Austria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAL",
        "name": "Baleares",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLT",
        "name": "Baltic States",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BLR",
        "name": "Belarus",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BGM",
        "name": "Belgium",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUL",
        "name": "Bulgaria",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUC",
        "name": "Central European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "COR",
        "name": "Corse",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "CZE",
        "name": "Czechia-Slovakia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "DEN",
        "name": "Denmark",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUE",
        "name": "East European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FIN",
        "name": "Finland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FRA",
        "name": "France",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "FOR",
        "name": "Føroyar",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GER",
        "name": "Germany",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRB",
        "name": "Great Britain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "GRC",
        "name": "Greece",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "HUN",
        "name": "Hungary",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ICE",
        "name": "Iceland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRE",
        "name": "Ireland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ITA",
        "name": "Italy",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRI",
        "name": "Kriti",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "KRY",
        "name": "Krym",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "YUG",
        "name": "NW. Balkan Pen.",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NET",
        "name": "Netherlands",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUN",
        "name": "North European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUW",
        "name": "Northwest European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "NOR",
        "name": "Norway",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POL",
        "name": "Poland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "POR",
        "name": "Portugal",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROM",
        "name": "Romania",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAR",
        "name": "Sardegna",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "RUS",
        "name": "South European Russia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWE",
        "name": "Sweden",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Northern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWI",
        "name": "Switzerland",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Middle Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "UKR",
        "name": "Ukraine",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Eastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALA",
        "name": "Alabama",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ASK",
        "name": "Alaska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "ABT",
        "name": "Alberta",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ARI",
        "name": "Arizona",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ARK",
        "name": "Arkansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "BRC",
        "name": "British Columbia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAL",
        "name": "California",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "COL",
        "name": "Colorado",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "CNT",
        "name": "Connecticut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "DEL",
        "name": "Delaware",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "GNL",
        "name": "Greenland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "IDA",
        "name": "Idaho",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ILL",
        "name": "Illinois",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "INI",
        "name": "Indiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "IOW",
        "name": "Iowa",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KAN",
        "name": "Kansas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "KTY",
        "name": "Kentucky",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "LAB",
        "name": "Labrador",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "LOU",
        "name": "Louisiana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAI",
        "name": "Maine",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAN",
        "name": "Manitoba",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "MRY",
        "name": "Maryland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MAS",
        "name": "Massachusetts",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MXE",
        "name": "Mexico Northeast",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Mexico"
      },
      {
        "code": "MIC",
        "name": "Michigan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MIN",
        "name": "Minnesota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSI",
        "name": "Mississippi",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MSO",
        "name": "Missouri",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "MNT",
        "name": "Montana",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEB",
        "name": "Nebraska",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NEV",
        "name": "Nevada",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NBR",
        "name": "New Brunswick",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWH",
        "name": "New Hampshire",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWJ",
        "name": "New Jersey",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWM",
        "name": "New Mexico",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWY",
        "name": "New York",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NFL",
        "name": "Newfoundland",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NCA",
        "name": "North Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NDA",
        "name": "North Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "NWT",
        "name": "Northwest Territories",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "NSC",
        "name": "Nova Scotia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "NUN",
        "name": "Nunavut",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      },
      {
        "code": "OHI",
        "name": "Ohio",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "OKL",
        "name": "Oklahoma",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "ONT",
        "name": "Ontario",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "ORE",
        "name": "Oregon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEN",
        "name": "Pennsylvania",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "PEI",
        "name": "Prince Edward I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "QUE",
        "name": "Québec",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Eastern Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "RHO",
        "name": "Rhode I.",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SAS",
        "name": "Saskatchewan",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Western Canada"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCA",
        "name": "South Carolina",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "SDA",
        "name": "South Dakota",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEN",
        "name": "Tennessee",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "TEX",
        "name": "Texas",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "South-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "UTA",
        "name": "Utah",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VER",
        "name": "Vermont",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "VRG",
        "name": "Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Southeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WAS",
        "name": "Washington",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WVA",
        "name": "West Virginia",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northeastern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WIS",
        "name": "Wisconsin",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "North-Central U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "WYO",
        "name": "Wyoming",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Northwestern U.S.A."
      },
      {
        "code": "YUK",
        "name": "Yukon",
        "continent": "NORTHERN AMERICA",
        "region": "Subarctic America"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 118,
    "n_annotated": 137,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      2,
      4,
      35,
      37,
      29,
      10,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      1
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      0,
      0,
      2,
      5,
      36,
      42,
      34,
      15,
      1,
      1,
      0,
      1
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      0.8,
      0.9722,
      0.881,
      0.8529,
      0.6667,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.3755,
        0.9638
      ],
      [
        0.8583,
        0.9951
      ],
      [
        0.75,
        0.9481
      ],
      [
        0.6987,
        0.9355
      ],
      [
        0.4171,
        0.8482
      ],
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 5,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 0.6,
      "median": 6.3,
      "p95": 17.1
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 413.8,
      "median": 913.2,
      "p95": 1278.3
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 18.2,
      "median": 23.4,
      "p95": 32
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -21.5,
      "median": -9.3,
      "p95": 5.2
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 436.1,
      "median": 664.2,
      "p95": 1370.2
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 13.6,
      "median": 29.8,
      "p95": 69.1
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 33.5,
      "median": 107.9,
      "p95": 239
    },
    "n": 1977,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 1977 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/eleocharis-palustris/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}