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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/echinochloa-colona/",
  "last_modified": "2025-01-09",
  "id": {
    "slug": "echinochloa-colona",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000865220",
    "inat_taxon_id": 76755
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Echinochloa colona",
    "authorship": "(L.) Link",
    "genus": "Echinochloa",
    "epithet": "colona",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Hort. Berol. [Link] 2: 209 (1833)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:399655-1",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "jungle rice",
      "english": [
        "jungle rice"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Brachiaria longifolia",
        "authorship": "Gilli"
      },
      {
        "name": "Chamaeraphis brachiariiformis",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) Kuntze"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria cuspidata",
        "authorship": "(Roxb.) Schult."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum f. vivipara",
        "authorship": "Beetle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum f. zonalis",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Wiegand"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. equitans",
        "authorship": "(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Cufod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. frumentacea",
        "authorship": "(Link) Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. glauca",
        "authorship": "(Sickenb.) Simpson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. glauca",
        "authorship": "(Sickenb.) N.D.Simpson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. glaucum",
        "authorship": "(Sickenb.) Simps."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. glomerulosa",
        "authorship": "Lojac."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. leiantha",
        "authorship": "Boiss."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. repens",
        "authorship": "(Sickenb.) Simpson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. repens",
        "authorship": "(Sickenb.) N.D.Simpson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. zonalis",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Wooton & Stand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa colonum var. zonalis",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Wooton & Standl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. colonum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. edulis",
        "authorship": "Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa crus-galli var. edulis",
        "authorship": "Hitchc."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea",
        "authorship": "(Link) W.F.Wright"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa crus-galli var. longiseta",
        "authorship": "(Trin.) H.Hara"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa divaricata",
        "authorship": "Andersson"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa equitans",
        "authorship": "(Hochst. ex A.Rich.) C.E.Hubb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa frumentacea",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa glabrescens var. barbata",
        "authorship": "Kossenko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa glabrescens var. glabra",
        "authorship": "Kossenko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa glabrescens var. pilosa",
        "authorship": "Kossenko"
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa subverticillata",
        "authorship": "Pilg."
      },
      {
        "name": "Echinochloa zonalis",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Milium colonum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Milium colonum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus colonum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus colonum var. zonalis",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus colonus var. zonalis",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus crusgalii var. colonum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Coss. & Durieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus crusgalli var. colonum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Coss. & Durieu"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus cuspidatus",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus daltonii",
        "authorship": "(Parl. ex Webb.) J.A.Schmidt"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus frumentaceus",
        "authorship": "(Link) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus margaritaceus",
        "authorship": "(Link) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus muticus",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus pseudocolonus",
        "authorship": "(Roth) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Oplismenus repens",
        "authorship": "J.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orthopogon dichotomus",
        "authorship": "Llanos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orthopogon subverticillatus",
        "authorship": "Llanos"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum brachiariiforme",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum brizoides",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum caesium",
        "authorship": "Hook. & Arn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum",
        "authorship": "L."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum f. maculatum",
        "authorship": "Arechav."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum var. angustatum",
        "authorship": "Peter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum var. atroviolaceum",
        "authorship": "Hack."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum var. equitans",
        "authorship": "(A.Rich.) T.Durand & Schinz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum var. glaucum",
        "authorship": "Sickenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum var. haematodes",
        "authorship": "(C.Presl) Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum var. humile",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum var. pseudocolonum",
        "authorship": "(Roth) Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum var. repens",
        "authorship": "Sickenb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum colonum var. zonale",
        "authorship": "(Guss.) L.H.Dewey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum crus-galli subsp. colonum",
        "authorship": "(L.) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum crus-galli var. colonum",
        "authorship": "Cosson ex Richter"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum crus-galli var. frumentacea",
        "authorship": "(Link) Trimen"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum crus-galli var. minus",
        "authorship": "Thwaites"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum crusgalli subsp. colonum",
        "authorship": "(L.) Makino & Nemoto"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum crusgalli var. edule",
        "authorship": "Makino & Nemoto"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum cumingianum",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum cuspidatum",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum daltonii",
        "authorship": "Parl. ex Webb"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum echinochloa",
        "authorship": "T.Durand & Schinz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum equitans",
        "authorship": "Hochst. ex A.Rich."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum equitans f. aquaticum",
        "authorship": "Chiov."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum equitans f. terrestris",
        "authorship": "Chiov."
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      {
        "name": "Panicum flaccidum",
        "authorship": "J.Koenig ex Hook.f."
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      {
        "name": "Panicum frumentaceum",
        "authorship": "Roxb."
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      {
        "name": "Panicum geniculatum",
        "authorship": "Forssk. ex Spreng."
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      {
        "name": "Panicum haematodes",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum hookeri",
        "authorship": "Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum incertum",
        "authorship": "Bosc ex Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum margaritaceum",
        "authorship": "Link"
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      {
        "name": "Panicum musei",
        "authorship": "Steud."
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      {
        "name": "Panicum numidianum",
        "authorship": "C.Presl"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum petiverii",
        "authorship": "Kotschy ex Griseb."
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      {
        "name": "Panicum prorepens",
        "authorship": "Steud."
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      {
        "name": "Panicum pseudocolonum",
        "authorship": "Roth"
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      {
        "name": "Panicum tetrastichum",
        "authorship": "Forssk."
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      {
        "name": "Panicum zonale",
        "authorship": "Guss."
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      {
        "name": "Setaria brachiariiformis",
        "authorship": "(Steud.) T.Durand & Schinz"
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinochloa_colona"
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      "SRL",
      "SUL",
      "SUM",
      "THA",
      "VIE",
      "WHM"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BUR",
        "name": "Burundi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CNY",
        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "COM",
        "name": "Comoros",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "DJI",
        "name": "Djibouti",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAB",
        "name": "Gabon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNB",
        "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GGI",
        "name": "Gulf of Guinea Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LES",
        "name": "Lesotho",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDR",
        "name": "Madeira",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLW",
        "name": "Malawi",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOR",
        "name": "Morocco",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAM",
        "name": "Namibia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "RWA",
        "name": "Rwanda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TOG",
        "name": "Togo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUN",
        "name": "Tunisia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "WSA",
        "name": "Western Sahara",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAM",
        "name": "Zambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "AFG",
        "name": "Afghanistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CYP",
        "name": "Cyprus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "EAI",
        "name": "East Aegean Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "GST",
        "name": "Gulf States",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRN",
        "name": "Iran",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "IRQ",
        "name": "Iraq",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUW",
        "name": "Kuwait",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBS",
        "name": "Lebanon-Syria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OGA",
        "name": "Ogasawara-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIN",
        "name": "Sinai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TZK",
        "name": "Tadzhikistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Central Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOR",
        "name": "Borneo",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAW",
        "name": "Jawa",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOL",
        "name": "Maluku",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "NWG",
        "name": "New Guinea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Papuasia"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PHI",
        "name": "Philippines",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUL",
        "name": "Sulawesi",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUM",
        "name": "Sumatera",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": null,
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "annual",
    "climate": "seasonally dry tropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 16.8,
      "median": 22.9,
      "p95": 26.9
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 104.7,
      "median": 415.7,
      "p95": 774.8
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 27.1,
      "median": 30.5,
      "p95": 38.3
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": 3,
      "median": 12.4,
      "p95": 21.6
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 293.7,
      "median": 1312.1,
      "p95": 3755.1
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 19.2,
      "median": 52.9,
      "p95": 116.8
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 4.2,
      "median": 117.3,
      "p95": 616.1
    },
    "n": 2011,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": null,
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 2011 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    },
    {
      "field": "phenology",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No dated flowering annotations found for this taxon."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/echinochloa-colona/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}