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  "url": "https://botanai.app/plants/digitaria-ciliaris/",
  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
    "slug": "digitaria-ciliaris",
    "wfo": "wfo-0000863807",
    "inat_taxon_id": 76657
  },
  "name": {
    "scientific": "Digitaria ciliaris",
    "authorship": "(Retz.) Koeler",
    "genus": "Digitaria",
    "epithet": "ciliaris",
    "family": "Poaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Descr. Gramin. : 27 (1802)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1038558-2",
    "common": {
      "preferred": "Henry's crabgrass",
      "english": [
        "Henry's crabgrass",
        "Southern Crab Grass",
        "crabgrass",
        "fingergrass",
        "kukaepua'a",
        "saulangi",
        "smooth crabgrass",
        "southern crabgrass",
        "tropical crabgrass"
      ],
      "source": "wikidata"
    },
    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Asprella digitaria",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Asprella digitata",
        "authorship": "Lam."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria abortiva",
        "authorship": "Reeder"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens",
        "authorship": "(Kunth) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens subsp. adscendens",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens subsp. chrysoblephara",
        "authorship": "(Fig. & De Not.) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens subsp. marginata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens subsp. nubica",
        "authorship": "(Stapf) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens var. adscendens",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens var. criniformis",
        "authorship": "Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens var. fimbriata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Cufod."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens var. pes-avis",
        "authorship": "(Buse) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria adscendens var. sericea",
        "authorship": "(Honda) Henrard"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria biformis var. chrysoblephara",
        "authorship": "(Fig. & De Not.) Beetle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria brevifolia",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria chinensis",
        "authorship": "Hornem."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria chrysoblephara",
        "authorship": "Fig. & De Not."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris f. albovariegata",
        "authorship": "T.Oishi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris subsp. chrysoblephara",
        "authorship": "(Fig. & De Not.) R.B.Majumdar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris subsp. chrysoblephara",
        "authorship": "(Fig. & De Not.) S.T.Blake"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris subsp. marginata",
        "authorship": "(Link) S.K.Jain & Doli Das"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris subsp. nubica",
        "authorship": "(Stapf) S.K.Jain & Doli Das"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris subsp. nubica",
        "authorship": "(Stapf) Jain & Doli Das"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris var. chrysoblephara",
        "authorship": "(Fig. & De Not.) R.R.Stewart"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris var. ciliaris",
        "authorship": null
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris var. criniformis",
        "authorship": "(Henrard) R.B.Majumdar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris var. criniformis",
        "authorship": "(Henr.) R.B.Majumdar"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris var. fimbriata",
        "authorship": "(Link) S.K.Jain & Doli Das"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris var. nubica",
        "authorship": "(Stapf) S.T.Blake"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris var. pes-avis",
        "authorship": "(Buse) S.K.Jain & Doli Das"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliaris var. sericea",
        "authorship": "(Honda) S.K.Jain & Doli Das"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria ciliata",
        "authorship": "Lag."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria fimbriata",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria henryi",
        "authorship": "Rendle"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria inaequale",
        "authorship": "(Link) Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria inaequalis",
        "authorship": "(Link) Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria marginata",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria marginata var. ciliaris",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Ridl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria marginata var. fimbriata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria marginata var. linkii",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria marginata var. nubica",
        "authorship": "Stapf"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria pes-avis",
        "authorship": "Buse"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria sanguinalis f. ciliaris",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Haines"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. ciliaris",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria sanguinalis subsp. ciliaris",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Arcang."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria sanguinalis var. ciliaris",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Parl."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria sanguinalis var. fimbriata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Merr."
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria sanguinalis var. marginata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Fernald"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria sasakii",
        "authorship": "(Honda) Tuyama"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria sericea",
        "authorship": "(Honda) Ohwi"
      },
      {
        "name": "Digitaria tarapacana",
        "authorship": "Phil."
      },
      {
        "name": "Leersia digitaria",
        "authorship": "(Lam.) Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Leersia digitata",
        "authorship": "Poir."
      },
      {
        "name": "Milium ciliare",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Milium ciliatum",
        "authorship": "Moench"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum adscendens",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum aegyptiacum var. blepharanthum",
        "authorship": "(T.Durand & Schinz) Chiov."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum brachyphyllum",
        "authorship": "Steud."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum brevifolium",
        "authorship": "(Link) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum ciliare",
        "authorship": "Retz."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum fimbriatum",
        "authorship": "(Link) Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum henryi",
        "authorship": "(Rendle) Makino & Nemoto"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum inaequale",
        "authorship": "(Link) E.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum linkianum",
        "authorship": "Kunth"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum linkianum var. minus",
        "authorship": "E.Fourn."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum marginellum",
        "authorship": "Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum ornithopus",
        "authorship": "Trin."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum pes-avis",
        "authorship": "(Buse) Koord."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum sanguinale subsp. marginatum",
        "authorship": "(Link) Thell."
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum sanguinale subvar. marginatum",
        "authorship": "(Link) Döll"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum sanguinale var. blepharanthum",
        "authorship": "T.Durand & Schinz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum sanguinale var. ciliare",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Vasey"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum sanguinale var. fimbriatum",
        "authorship": "(Link) A.Usteri"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum sanguinale var. longiglume",
        "authorship": "Trin. ex Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum sanguinale var. macrostachyum",
        "authorship": "T.Durand & Schinz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Panicum villiferum",
        "authorship": "Nees"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paspalum ciliare",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) DC."
      },
      {
        "name": "Paspalum inaequale",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Paspalum sanguinale var. ciliare",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Hook.f."
      },
      {
        "name": "Sanguinaria ciliaris",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Bubani"
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      {
        "name": "Spartina pubera",
        "authorship": "Hassk."
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma ciliare",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma ciliaris",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Schrad."
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma fimbriata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Nash"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma marginata",
        "authorship": "(Link) Nash"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma sanguinale subsp. ciliare",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Masam. & Yanagih."
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma sanguinale var. ciliare",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma sanguinalis subsp. ciliaris",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Masamura & Yanagih."
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma sanguinalis var. ciliaris",
        "authorship": "(Retz.) Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma sasakii",
        "authorship": "Honda"
      },
      {
        "name": "Syntherisma sericeum",
        "authorship": "Honda"
      }
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    "wikipedia": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitaria_ciliaris"
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      "CHH",
      "CHI",
      "JAP",
      "KZN",
      "KOR",
      "KUR",
      "KUW",
      "CHM",
      "NNS",
      "OGA",
      "OMA",
      "PAL",
      "SAU",
      "SIN",
      "TAI",
      "CHT",
      "TCS",
      "TUR",
      "CHX",
      "YEM",
      "ASS",
      "BAN",
      "CBD",
      "EHM",
      "IND",
      "LDV",
      "LAO",
      "LSI",
      "MLY",
      "MYA",
      "NEP",
      "PAK",
      "SCS",
      "SRL",
      "THA",
      "VIE",
      "WHM"
    ],
    "regions": [
      {
        "code": "ALD",
        "name": "Aldabra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "ALG",
        "name": "Algeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ANG",
        "name": "Angola",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASC",
        "name": "Ascension",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Middle Atlantic Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "AZO",
        "name": "Azores",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "BEN",
        "name": "Benin",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BOT",
        "name": "Botswana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "BKN",
        "name": "Burkina",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CMN",
        "name": "Cameroon",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CNY",
        "name": "Canary Is.",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CPP",
        "name": "Cape Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CVI",
        "name": "Cape Verde",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Macaronesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CAF",
        "name": "Central African Republic",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHA",
        "name": "Chad",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CON",
        "name": "Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZAI",
        "name": "DR Congo",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West-Central Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "DJI",
        "name": "Djibouti",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "EGY",
        "name": "Egypt",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ERI",
        "name": "Eritrea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SWZ",
        "name": "Eswatini",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ETH",
        "name": "Ethiopia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "OFS",
        "name": "Free State",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GAM",
        "name": "Gambia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GHA",
        "name": "Ghana",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GUI",
        "name": "Guinea",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "GNB",
        "name": "Guinea-Bissau",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "IVO",
        "name": "Ivory Coast",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "KEN",
        "name": "Kenya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NAT",
        "name": "KwaZulu-Natal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBR",
        "name": "Liberia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "LBY",
        "name": "Libya",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MDG",
        "name": "Madagascar",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLI",
        "name": "Mali",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MTN",
        "name": "Mauritania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "MAU",
        "name": "Mauritius",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "MOZ",
        "name": "Mozambique",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGR",
        "name": "Niger",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "NGA",
        "name": "Nigeria",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TVL",
        "name": "Northern Provinces",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Southern Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ROD",
        "name": "Rodrigues",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "REU",
        "name": "Réunion",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEN",
        "name": "Senegal",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SEY",
        "name": "Seychelles",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Western Indian Ocean"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIE",
        "name": "Sierra Leone",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "West Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOC",
        "name": "Socotra",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SOM",
        "name": "Somalia",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "SUD",
        "name": "Sudan-South Sudan",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "Northeast Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAN",
        "name": "Tanzania",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "UGA",
        "name": "Uganda",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "East Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "ZIM",
        "name": "Zimbabwe",
        "continent": "AFRICA",
        "region": "South Tropical Africa"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHN",
        "name": "China North-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHC",
        "name": "China South-Central",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHS",
        "name": "China Southeast",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "GST",
        "name": "Gulf States",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHH",
        "name": "Hainan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHI",
        "name": "Inner Mongolia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "JAP",
        "name": "Japan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KZN",
        "name": "Kazan-retto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KOR",
        "name": "Korea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUR",
        "name": "Kuril Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Russian Far East"
      },
      {
        "code": "KUW",
        "name": "Kuwait",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHM",
        "name": "Manchuria",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NNS",
        "name": "Nansei-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OGA",
        "name": "Ogasawara-shoto",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "OMA",
        "name": "Oman",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAL",
        "name": "Palestine",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "SAU",
        "name": "Saudi Arabia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "SIN",
        "name": "Sinai",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "TAI",
        "name": "Taiwan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Eastern Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHT",
        "name": "Tibet",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "TCS",
        "name": "Transcaucasus",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Caucasus"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUR",
        "name": "Türkiye",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Western Asia"
      },
      {
        "code": "CHX",
        "name": "Xinjiang",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "China"
      },
      {
        "code": "YEM",
        "name": "Yemen",
        "continent": "ASIA-TEMPERATE",
        "region": "Arabian Peninsula"
      },
      {
        "code": "ASS",
        "name": "Assam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "BAN",
        "name": "Bangladesh",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "CBD",
        "name": "Cambodia",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "EHM",
        "name": "East Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "IND",
        "name": "India",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LDV",
        "name": "Laccadive Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "LAO",
        "name": "Laos",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "LSI",
        "name": "Lesser Sunda Is.",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MLY",
        "name": "Malaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Malesia"
      },
      {
        "code": "MYA",
        "name": "Myanmar",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "NEP",
        "name": "Nepal",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "PAK",
        "name": "Pakistan",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "SCS",
        "name": "South China Sea",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "SRL",
        "name": "Sri Lanka",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      },
      {
        "code": "THA",
        "name": "Thailand",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "VIE",
        "name": "Vietnam",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indo-China"
      },
      {
        "code": "WHM",
        "name": "West Himalaya",
        "continent": "ASIA-TROPICAL",
        "region": "Indian Subcontinent"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 102,
    "n_annotated": 117,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      5,
      1,
      16,
      13,
      12,
      15,
      7,
      10,
      10,
      5,
      6,
      2
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      6,
      1,
      16,
      18,
      13,
      18,
      8,
      10,
      11,
      5,
      8,
      3
    ],
    "share": [
      0.8333,
      null,
      1,
      0.7222,
      0.9231,
      0.8333,
      0.875,
      1,
      0.9091,
      1,
      0.75,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      [
        0.4365,
        0.9699
      ],
      null,
      [
        0.8064,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.4913,
        0.875
      ],
      [
        0.6669,
        0.9863
      ],
      [
        0.6078,
        0.9416
      ],
      [
        0.5291,
        0.9776
      ],
      [
        0.7225,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.6226,
        0.9838
      ],
      [
        0.5655,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.4093,
        0.9285
      ],
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 3,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "fruiting": {
      "n": 35,
      "by_month": [
        0,
        0,
        3,
        5,
        3,
        9,
        2,
        2,
        6,
        2,
        2,
        1
      ],
      "share": [
        0,
        null,
        0.1875,
        0.2778,
        0.2308,
        0.5,
        0.25,
        0.2,
        0.5455,
        0.4,
        0.25,
        null
      ],
      "ci": [
        [
          0,
          0.3903
        ],
        null,
        [
          0.0659,
          0.4301
        ],
        [
          0.125,
          0.5087
        ],
        [
          0.0818,
          0.5026
        ],
        [
          0.2903,
          0.7097
        ],
        [
          0.0715,
          0.5907
        ],
        [
          0.0567,
          0.5098
        ],
        [
          0.2801,
          0.7873
        ],
        [
          0.1176,
          0.7693
        ],
        [
          0.0715,
          0.5907
        ],
        null
      ],
      "peak_month": 9
    },
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "perennial",
    "climate": "subtropical"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 11.9,
      "median": 22.5,
      "p95": 26.7
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 103.6,
      "median": 346.9,
      "p95": 871.5
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 24.3,
      "median": 28.6,
      "p95": 35.9
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -5.5,
      "median": 13.5,
      "p95": 21.5
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 737.2,
      "median": 1268.9,
      "p95": 4077.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 14.4,
      "median": 43.9,
      "p95": 112.8
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 17.7,
      "median": 151.8,
      "p95": 841.7
    },
    "n": 470,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 470 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wikidata",
      "note": "common name (P1843), joined on the World Flora Online identifier (P7715)",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-13"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/digitaria-ciliaris/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}