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  "last_modified": "2024-06-04",
  "id": {
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    "wfo": "wfo-0000936857",
    "inat_taxon_id": 358151
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  "name": {
    "scientific": "Dactylorhiza romana",
    "authorship": "(Sebast.) Soó",
    "genus": "Dactylorhiza",
    "epithet": "romana",
    "family": "Orchidaceae",
    "rank": "species",
    "taxonomic_status": "accepted",
    "accepted_according_to": "World Flora Online Plant List, 2026-06",
    "is_homonym": false,
    "published_in": "Nom. Nov. Gen. Dactylorhiza : 3 (1962)",
    "protologue_url": "https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:626663-1",
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      "source": null
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    "synonyms": [
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis flavescens",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis romana",
        "authorship": "(Sebast.) Verm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorchis romana subsp. georgica",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza flavescens",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza guimaraesii",
        "authorship": "(E.G.Camus) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza libanotica",
        "authorship": "(Mouterde) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza markusii",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) H.Baumann & Künkele"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza romana subsp. libanotica",
        "authorship": "(Mouterde) Kreutz"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza romana subsp. markusii",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Holub"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza romana subsp. siciliensis",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza romana var. markusii",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza romana var. sicula",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza ruprechtii",
        "authorship": "Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sambucina f. zimmermannii",
        "authorship": "(A.Camus) P.Delforge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sambucina subsp. georgica",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sambucina subsp. pseudosambucina",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sambucina subsp. romana",
        "authorship": "(Sebast.) Bornm."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sambucina subsp. siciliensis",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) H.Sund."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sicula",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Aver."
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sulphurea",
        "authorship": "(Link) Franco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sulphurea subsp. georgica",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) Herrero & Ó.Sánchez"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sulphurea subsp. pseudosambucina",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Franco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Dactylorhiza sulphurea subsp. siciliensis",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) Franco"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis bracteata",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis fasciculata var. obtusifolia",
        "authorship": "Tineo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis flavescens",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis georgica",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) Medw."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis guimaraesii",
        "authorship": "(E.G.Camus) Rivas Goday"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis lucana",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis markusii",
        "authorship": "Tineo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis mediterranea",
        "authorship": "Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis mediterranea subsp. georgica",
        "authorship": "Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis mediterranea subsp. pseudosambucina",
        "authorship": "(Ten.) Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis mediterranea subsp. siciliensis",
        "authorship": "Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis mediterranea var. georgica",
        "authorship": "Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis natalis",
        "authorship": "Tineo"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis ochroleuca",
        "authorship": "Schur"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis pseudosambucina",
        "authorship": "Ten."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis pseudosambucina subsp. georgica",
        "authorship": "Klinge"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis pseudosambucina subsp. markusii",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis pseudosambucina subsp. sicula",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) K.Richt."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis pseudosambucina subsp. sulphurea",
        "authorship": "(Link) Gand."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis pseudosambucina var. markusii",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Barbey, Asch. & Levier"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis pseudosambucina var. natalis",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Nyman"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana",
        "authorship": "Sebast."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana f. markusii",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana f. obtusifolia",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana lus. bicolor",
        "authorship": "G.Keller"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana lus. flavescens",
        "authorship": "(K.Koch) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana lus. sulphurea",
        "authorship": "(Link) Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana lus. tenuifolia",
        "authorship": "Soó"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana subsp. georgica",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana subsp. libanotica",
        "authorship": "Mouterde"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana var. georgica",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) Schltr."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis romana var. guimaraesii",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana var. incarnata",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus & A.Camus"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis romana var. lutea",
        "authorship": "E.G.Camus & A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis romana var. markusii",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) E.G.Camus, Bergon & A.Camus"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis sambucina",
        "authorship": "Brot."
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      {
        "name": "Orchis sambucina var. zimmermannii",
        "authorship": "A.Camus"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis siciliensis",
        "authorship": "Klinge"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis siciliensis",
        "authorship": "(Klinge) A.W.Hill"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis sicula",
        "authorship": "Tineo"
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      {
        "name": "Orchis sulphurea",
        "authorship": "Spreng."
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis sulphurea",
        "authorship": "Link"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis sulphurea var. markusii",
        "authorship": "(Tineo) Maire"
      },
      {
        "name": "Orchis tenuifolia",
        "authorship": "K.Koch"
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      {
        "code": "SIC",
        "name": "Sicilia",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "SPA",
        "name": "Spain",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southwestern Europe"
      },
      {
        "code": "TUE",
        "name": "Türkiye-in-Europe",
        "continent": "EUROPE",
        "region": "Southeastern Europe"
      }
    ]
  },
  "phenology": {
    "n": 188,
    "n_annotated": 194,
    "sufficient": true,
    "by_month": [
      0,
      2,
      17,
      129,
      37,
      3,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "annotated_by_month": [
      0,
      3,
      18,
      129,
      38,
      6,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0,
      0
    ],
    "share": [
      null,
      null,
      0.9444,
      1,
      0.9737,
      0.5,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "ci": [
      null,
      null,
      [
        0.7424,
        0.9901
      ],
      [
        0.9711,
        1
      ],
      [
        0.865,
        0.9953
      ],
      [
        0.1876,
        0.8124
      ],
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null,
      null
    ],
    "peak_month": 4,
    "peak_basis": "share",
    "min_month_n": 5,
    "doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "source": "GBIF SQL download of iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "quality_grade": "research (guaranteed upstream by iNaturalist at export)",
    "fields": {
      "by_month": "observations found IN FLOWER, by month (Jan..Dec)",
      "annotated_by_month": "observations in which a human recorded the reproductive state at all, by month. This is the denominator, and it includes the records that said \"no flowers or fruits\".",
      "share": "by_month / annotated_by_month. null where too few plants were examined to state a proportion.",
      "ci": "95% Wilson score interval on share.",
      "peak_month": "the month with the highest SHARE, not the highest count."
    }
  },
  "traits": {
    "lifeform": "tuberous geophyte",
    "climate": "temperate"
  },
  "climate_envelope": {
    "mean_annual_temp_c": {
      "p5": 4.6,
      "median": 11.6,
      "p95": 18.1
    },
    "temp_seasonality": {
      "p5": 490.9,
      "median": 669.5,
      "p95": 841.6
    },
    "max_temp_warmest_month_c": {
      "p5": 20,
      "median": 25.4,
      "p95": 30.1
    },
    "min_temp_coldest_month_c": {
      "p5": -12,
      "median": -0.6,
      "p95": 10.1
    },
    "annual_precip_mm": {
      "p5": 499.8,
      "median": 819.2,
      "p95": 1429.3
    },
    "precip_seasonality": {
      "p5": 14.2,
      "median": 39.5,
      "p95": 93.4
    },
    "precip_driest_quarter_mm": {
      "p5": 6.2,
      "median": 103.2,
      "p95": 246.2
    },
    "n": 759,
    "units": {
      "mean_annual_temp_c": "degrees Celsius",
      "min_temp_coldest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MINIMUM of the coldest month)",
      "max_temp_warmest_month_c": "degrees Celsius (mean daily MAXIMUM of the warmest month)",
      "annual_precip_mm": "millimetres per year",
      "precip_driest_quarter_mm": "millimetres in the driest quarter"
    },
    "source": "CHELSA V2.1 climatologies 1981-2010, 30 arcsec",
    "citation": "Karger, D.N. et al. (2017) Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data 4, 170122.",
    "occurrences": "iNaturalist Research-grade Observations",
    "occurrences_doi": "10.15468/dl.cgje2x",
    "method": "Climate sampled at every georeferenced research-grade observation of the species. Reported as the 5th to 95th percentile across 759 of them. Species with fewer than 30 georeferenced observations get no envelope.",
    "is_hardiness_zone": false,
    "hardiness_zone_note": "min_temp_coldest_month_c is NOT a USDA hardiness zone. A USDA zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature; this is the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is typically about 16 C warmer. Do not present one as the other."
  },
  "identification": {
    "on_device_model": {
      "model": "Google AIY plants V1 (TFLite, 2,102 classes)",
      "identifies_this_species": false
    },
    "in_accuracy_benchmark": false,
    "benchmark_url": "https://botanai.app/accuracy/",
    "confused_with": []
  },
  "sources": [
    {
      "name": "World Flora Online Plant List",
      "note": "accepted name, authority, classification",
      "license": "CC0",
      "url": "https://www.worldfloraonline.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-07-12"
    },
    {
      "name": "iNaturalist",
      "note": "photographs and flowering annotations, CC0 / CC BY / CC BY-SA only",
      "license": "per photograph",
      "url": "https://www.inaturalist.org/",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-27"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kew, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP v16)",
      "note": "native distribution by TDWG level-3 botanical country, and life form",
      "license": "CC BY 3.0",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.15468/6h8ucr",
      "retrieved": "2026-06-04"
    }
  ],
  "gaps": [
    {
      "field": "care",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published anywhere on this site. Every care claim we could make cheaply would be an unsourced enum, which is what the previous version of this site did and why it was deleted."
    },
    {
      "field": "toxicity",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published. The widely copied list is a copyrighted compilation restricted to noncommercial use, and we will not scrape it. A sourced toxicity dataset is being built from primary literature and is not ready."
    },
    {
      "field": "botanical_review",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No page on this site has been reviewed by a named botanist. The determination label says so, on every page."
    },
    {
      "field": "common_name",
      "status": "not_sourced",
      "reason": "No vernacular name for this taxon in Wikidata (P1843) or iNaturalist. We do not invent one, and we do not present the scientific name as though it were a common name."
    },
    {
      "field": "hardiness_zone",
      "status": "not_published",
      "reason": "Not published for any species. A USDA hardiness zone is the average annual EXTREME minimum temperature, and we hold the mean daily minimum of the coldest month, which is a different quantity and typically about 16 C warmer. Presenting one as the other would place a plant several zones too warm, so we do not publish a zone at all."
    }
  ],
  "license": {
    "data": "CC BY 4.0",
    "attribution": "BotanAI, https://botanai.app/plants/dactylorhiza-romana/",
    "note": "This document is licensed CC BY 4.0. The PHOTOGRAPHS it links are licensed individually and separately: each carries its own license and license_url, and those terms govern. Underlying taxonomy is CC0 (World Flora Online); native range is CC BY 3.0 (Kew)."
  }
}